The European Courts

Dr Georg Berrisch, partner at Covington & Burling, Brussels

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) and, since 1989, the European Court of First Instance (CFI) have both been charged with ensuring that the Community and its actions are governed by the rule of law. In fulfilling this function, both courts have played an enormously important role for the development of the Community and later the Union. In particular the ECJ’s case law during the first 25 years following the signing of the Treaty of Rome 50 years ago has shaped the Community in many respects through its many integration-friendly judgments.
This overview offers a short summary of the function and operation of the ECJ and the CFI from the perspective of a practicing lawyer before the courts. In addition to a description of the courts’ structure, procedure and main types of actions, this overview will also address some specific practical issues, and finally deal with some of the challenges that the courts will have to address in the coming years.

 

STRUCTURE OF THE COMMUNITY COURTS

For more than 30 years, the ECJ was the only Community court. However, by 1989 the sheer number of cases, and their increasing complexity, made the workload of the court unsustainable. This led to the creation of the CFI, which was set up specifically to deal with fact-intensive disputes such as competition cases. Today it is responsible for all disputes between private parties and the Community institutions and certain disputes between members states and the institutions. In 2005, a third court, the Civil Service Tribunal (CST), came into operation, whose jurisdiction is limited to staff cases. In light of the CST’s narrow and specialised jurisdiction, it will not be dealt with in detail in this article.

Seat, composition and appointment of judges

The ECJ and the CFI have their seat in Luxembourg. Each court is composed of one judge from each member state, ie currently each has a total of 27 judges. The judges must be chosen from persons whose independence is beyond doubt and who possess the qualifications of the highest judicial offices (ECJ) or high judicial offices (CFI) in their respective countries. The judges are appointed by a common accord of the governments of the member states. In practice, each member state selects its judges without any interference by the other member states. The selection process varies widely among the member states. The judges are appointed for six years, and every two years the term of one-third of the judges expires. Judges can be reappointed.
The ECJ also has eight advocates-general, who are formal members of the court and who act as impartial advisors to the judges in each case. The right to propose an advocate-general rotates among the member states. Otherwise, the advocates-general are appointed in the same manner and for the same term as the judges. The CFI does not have advocates-general, however it can – but rarely does – appoint them from among its judges on an ad hoc basis.
Each judge and advocate-general is assisted by a team of up to three to four clerks, called ‘référendaires’ in ECJ jargon. These clerks need not have the same nationality of the judge whom they serve. It is not unusual for clerks to be seconded from the other EU institutions.
The composition of the courts with 27 judges from 27 different jurisdictions and more than 20 different languages poses particular challenges, both for the courts but also for the lawyers pleading before the courts. In national courts, judges not only speak the same language but also share a common legal tradition and were educated in the same legal system as the lawyers pleading before them. With respect to the ECJ and the CFI, this is different. Thus, a UK barrister, who is educated in the common law and used to the British court system, may find himself or herself pleading a case with a strong UK connection before a chamber of five judges of the ECJ emanating from France, Poland, Sweden, Greece, and Slovakia, of whom some possibly speak little or no English. Obviously, such a barrister would be well advised to take that fact into account in both his written and oral submissions. Indeed, it may often be necessary for lawyers to explain certain basic legal concepts which they might assume would be understood by their own national judges.

Chambers and presidents

Both courts normally sit in chambers of three or five judges. The composition of the chambers is published on the courts’ website and in the Official Journal. The ECJ also regularly sits in the so-called ‘grand chamber’ of 13 judges, the CFI does so only in very rare instances. The presidents of the chambers are elected by the judges. The grand chamber is presided over by the president of the respective court.
The ECJ and CFI are each headed by a president, elected for a period of three years by peer vote from among each court’s members. The president is responsible for overseeing the work of the courts and representing his or her court in its dealing with the outside world. He or she also presides at hearings and deliberations of the grand chamber or the full court. Moreover, the president decides on certain special procedures such as applications for interim measures. Finally, the president decides on the allocation of the cases to the different chambers and the appointment of the reporting judge, who will be the lead judge for a case.

The registry

Each court has a registry, headed by a registrar, who provides the basic administrative support to their respective courts by ensuring compliance with the formal procedural rules on pleadings. In addition, they are responsible for keeping the register of cases, notifying all interested parties of any relevant steps in the procedure, drawing up the minutes of hearings and taking care of all the required court publications.
The registry is the only point of contact between a lawyer representing a party before the courts. The registry will do a lot to help lawyers seeking informal guidance on procedural issues. Importantly, while in many member states’ courts lawyers can contact the judges on pending cases, it is inappropriate for a lawyer to contact the ECJ and CFI judges or their clerks to discuss issues in relation to a particular case.

Division of jurisdiction between the ECJ and the CFI

Like any other EU institution, the ECJ and the CFI act within the limits of the powers conferred to them by the founding treaties. The treaties specify the types of cases the courts are responsible for as well as the division of jurisdiction between the two courts. The division of the jurisdiction between the ECJ and the CFI has evolved since the CFI’s creation in 1989, gradually expanding the CFI’s jurisdiction.
Broadly speaking, the ECJ’s jurisdiction covers all reference cases, all infringement cases, as well as direct actions between the institutions and member states, between member states, and between institutions relating to the Communities’ legislative activities. The ECJ also has jurisdiction for appeals on points of law against decisions by the CFI.
The CFI’s jurisdiction covers all direct actions initiated by a private party against any of the Community institutions, including the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (relating to Community trademarks or design rights), and direct actions between member states and Community institutions or between Community institutions challenging Community executive acts (such as state aid decisions).

TYPES OF ACTIONS

Reference cases

Reference cases start before a member state’s court. Whenever a question arises as to the validity or interpretation of Community law in a case before a member state court – whether it be a provision of the founding treaties or of secondary law – the national court can submit a question to the ECJ. If it is the national court of last instance, it is obliged to do so. The ECJ will then provide the national court with an answer, which is generally a binding interpretation of the treaties or secondary Community legislation, not only for the national court in the case at issue, but for all national courts and the other Community institutions.
The ECJ takes great care not to interfere with the competences of the national courts. Thus, the ECJ will only answer the national court’s question as to the interpretation of Community law, leaving it for the national court to draw the consequences for the specific dispute. If the question by the national court does not relate to the interpretation of Community law, but rather concerns national law, the ECJ will decline to answer.
Importantly, only the ECJ and not a national law court can declare invalid a Community act. Thus, if a national court considers a Community law act void, it must put a respective question to the ECJ but cannot itself declare the act void. On the other hand, if in a dispute before a national court one party invokes the illegality of a Community law act, and if the national court considers the argument ill founded, that court can dismiss it without having to submit a reference question to the ECJ.
Many of the ECJ’s seminal judgments were rendered in reference cases, including judgments on the superiority of Community law over national law, the free movement of goods, the direct effect of directives, or the obligation of member states to pay damages for the violation of Community law.

Direct actions

The three most important types of direct actions are actions for annulment, damages actions, and infringement proceedings.

Actions for annulment
Actions for annulment are by far the most common form of direct actions. Any Community law act terminating a proceeding can be challenged with an action for annulment. However, intermediate measures, such as the opening of a competition investigation or the decision to enter into a Phase II investigation in a merger clearance, are not subject to a separate challenge before the Community courts.
The party bringing the action must have standing. In this respect, one has to distinguish between privileged and non-privileged applicants. The privileged applicants are the member states and the Community institutions, and they always have standing. All other parties are non-privileged applicants, and they can only challenge acts specifically addressed to them or acts which, if not specifically addressed to them, concern them directly and individually.
Regrettably, the courts’ case law on individual concern is very restrictive, making it virtually impossible for private parties to challenge measures of general application, such as directives and regulations, even if these acts directly and deeply affect the individuals, for example by prohibiting or restricting certain products or activities. Thus, judicial review of such acts is only possible through a reference case. This poses significant problems from the point of view of access to justice, particularly if a party must violate the law in order to provoke a challengeable national act needed for the initiation of a case before a national court. The restrictive case law also makes no sense from the point of view of judicial economy because, as discussed above, the national court cannot declare the Community law act void. Addressing these concerns regarding access to justice, the CFI and one of the ECJ’s advocates-general proposed a different test a few years ago. Unfortunately, the ECJ decided to maintain the old test.
Fortunately, however, in some member states the possibility exists to challenge an EU regulation or directive before a national court and to request the national court to submit a respective question to the ECJ. In particular, the High Court in London has submitted questions regarding the validity of EU regulations and directives to the ECJ, even before the time limit for the implementation of a directive had expired or a regulation came into force.
Importantly, the only remedy in an action for annulment is the annulment of the challenged act, but not an order by the court against the defendant to adopt a new act with a specific content or an order amending the challenged act. However, under certain strict conditions, it is possible to request a partial annulment of an act. Finally, when implementing the court’s judgment, the Community institutions must take into account not only the judgment’s decision but also its substantive reasoning. Thus, a judgment annulling a Community act can lead to an indirect obligation to adopt a new act with specified content.

Actions for damages
Anyone believing he or she has suffered damage as a result of a Community act can seek compensation from the Community. In order to succeed with such an action, the plaintiff must show that the act at issue constitutes a sufficiently serious Community law violation, the applicant has suffered damage, and a causal link exists between the act and the damages How serious the violation of Community law must be in order to qualify as sufficiently serious depends on the degree of discretion that the Community institution enjoyed when issuing the act complained of. Put simply, the wider the discretion, the more serious the Community violation will have to be.

Infringement proceedings
The Commission regularly initiates infringement proceedings against member states for failure to comply with their Community law obligations. Infringement proceedings require that the Commission first sends to the member state a reasoned opinion detailing the allegations of an infringement of Community law. If the member state then fails to comply with its obligation, the Commission can bring an action against the member state before the Community courts. If the member state does not comply with a judgment in an infringement proceeding, the Commission can request the court to impose a daily penalty payment on the member state until the member state complies. Importantly, private parties cannot participate in infringement cases nor can they force the Commission to start infringement proceedings.

 

THE PROCEDURE

Overview of the procedure before ECJ

The procedure before the ECJ depends on the type of action. In reference cases, the national court submits its question, together with the complete case file, to the ECJ. The ECJ translates the questions into all the official languages of the EU. The ECJ then officially notifies the parties of the case before the national court, the member states, and the institutions of the case, setting them a non-extendable deadline of two months to lodge written observations. This is the only round of written pleadings, the parties have no chance to respond in writing to the other submissions but can only address them at the oral hearing stage. This is particularly problematic in cases concerning the legality of a Community act, as the party challenging the act will have no chance to address in writing the arguments of the institution(s) defending the act.
Direct actions commence with the filing of an application at the registry. The application is served on the defendant, which will then lodge its defence. In the vast majority of cases, this first round of written pleadings is followed by a second round consisting of a reply and a rejoinder. Except in cases of interventions, the rejoinder closes the written procedure.
In both reference cases and direct actions, the case will be assigned to a reporting judge. The reporting judge is responsible for preparing the oral hearing and later for drafting the judgment. After the closure of the written procedure, the court will ask the parties whether they request an oral procedure. If a party wants on oral hearing, it must then file an application setting out the reasons why it wishes to be heard.
Where the case is to proceed to the oral stage, the reporting judge draws up a report for the hearing. In the past, the report contained a detailed summary of the facts and applicable law, the forms of order sought, and the parties’ pleas and arguments. This was very useful for the lawyers as it enabled them to ascertain whether the judges correctly understood their arguments. It also allowed experienced lawyers to see which aspects of the case the judges were most interested in. Recently, the report for the hearing has been significantly shortened and no longer contains a summary of the legal arguments. However, in some cases the court does indicate in its invitation to the oral hearing those arguments the parties should address. The lawyers also meet with the judges in chambers a few minutes prior to the hearing. Judges may use this meeting to indicate those issues in the case they are most interested in, as well as the issues they don’t want to hear about. If this happens, lawyers are well advised to be flexible and adapt their pleadings.
The oral hearing will be a disappointment for those advocates who are used to an interactive court. Typically, each party will present its case in an oral submission within the time allocated, normally between 15 and 30 minutes. Questions from the bench are rare. At the end of the hearing, each party will be given a rebuttal time to address the arguments of the other parties.
Importantly, the judges do not deliberate and decide on the case immediately after the oral hearing. The deliberations will only begin after the advocate-general has delivered his or her opinion, which may be several weeks or sometimes even months after the oral hearing. The opinion of the advocate-general is not binding upon the judges, although the judges follow the advocate-general in the majority of cases.
The deliberations of the court take place in closed sessions and without the assistance of interpreters. The judges must agree on a single judgment as there are no concurring or dissenting opinions. The deliberation process can take several months. The judgment is then delivered in open court.
The written procedure in appeals against judgments of the CFI is similar to that of direct actions. The appeal is served upon all parties who were parties to the proceedings before the CFI. The parties must then file a response within a two month deadline. This deadline also applies to the interveners before the CFI, who are automatically parties to the appeal before the ECJ. After the filing of the response briefs, the appellant can request permission to file a reply brief. If granted, the respondents will also be given permission to file a rejoinder.

Overview of the procedure before the CFI

The CFI, of course, only deals with direct actions. While the written procedure of the CFI is virtually identical to that before the ECJ, there are important differences with respect to the oral hearing. The way in which the hearing is conducted and prepared reflects that the CFI was originally set up to deal with complex factual cases. It shows a genuine effort by the judges to explore fully the factual and legal aspects of a case.
In preparation of the hearing, the parties often receive detailed questions, to which they are required to respond either in writing before the hearing or orally at the hearing. The judges also frequently request the parties to submit additional documents prior to the hearing.
The hearings before the CFI also start with pleadings by the parties. However, these pleadings are then followed by a detailed questioning session. While the reporting judge normally plays the most active role during these questioning sessions, it is not uncommon that other judges will ask questions, often relating to very detailed issues. The judges normally master the file very well, and any lawyer pleading before the CFI should be well prepared. If not, the hearing can turn out to be an embarrassing and unpleasant experience.
Importantly, the judges not only ask factual questions but also often explain their views on the legal issues raised by the case. This allows the parties to address the court’s views and again reflects the court’s desire to ensure that every party’s arguments are fully heard.
Another important difference from the proceedings before the ECJ is that the judges of the CFI start their deliberation immediately after the oral hearing as there is no advocate-general. However, recently the delays between the oral hearing and the issuing of the judgment have become increasingly long, often exceeding six months or even a year. As is the case with the ECJ, there will be a single judgment delivered in open court with no concurring or dissenting opinions.

Specific procedures

Described above are the basic principles of procedures before the ECJ and the CFI. There are however some specific procedures, the most important of which are interventions, interim measures, and the accelerated procedure.

Interventions
Neither the ECJ nor the CFI allow the submission of amicus curia briefs, but they do allow interventions in support of the pleas of one of the parties. The Community institutions and the member states can intervene in every case before the ECJ and the CFI without having to explain why. All other parties can only intervene in direct actions, including appeals, between private parties and the Community institutions. Thus, they cannot intervene in reference cases or in cases between the institutions and a member state, or between member states or between the institutions.
Moreover, in order to be admitted as an intervener, a private party must show that it has a sufficiently direct interest in the outcome of the case. In this respect, the courts distinguish between interventions by individuals or undertakings on the one hand, and representative trade associations on the other. Individuals or undertakings must show that they have a direct interest in the upholding or annulment of the act at issue. However, representative trade associations must merely prove that the case raises general legal questions as a result of which the court’s judgment is liable to affect the interests of the associations’ members.
Admitted interveners will get full access to the file, with the exception of confidential information. They have the right to submit a written intervention brief and to make submissions at the oral hearing.
In order to inform potential interveners about pending cases, the lodging of every case is published in the Official Journal. The intervention application must be filed within six weeks following the publication of the case in the Official Journal. An intervener who misses that deadline may still be admitted, but will enjoy limited rights. Specifically, it can make oral submissions at the hearing but will not get access to the file and has no right to make a written submission.

Interim measures
Applications for annulment do not have ‘suspensory’ effect. Thus, if a party files an application for annulment, it must still comply with the obligations resulting from the challenged act. Parties can, however, request the court to issue interim measures, including a suspension of the challenged act.
The standard for interim measures applications is very high, and the success rate very low. The applicant must show a prima facie case, that in absence of interim measures it would suffer irreparable harm, and that the balance of interests speaks in favour of interim measures. In practice, the irreparable harm requirement is an almost insurmountable hurdle, as the courts consider mere financial damage insufficient, because this is reparable through a subsequent damages action. This means that, for all practical purposes, the applicant must show that interim measures are necessary for it not to go bankrupt.
Importantly, an application for interim measures can only be filed in connection with a main action, in particular, an action for annulment. It cannot be filed before the lodging of the action for annulment, but it can be filed at any time thereafter. It can also be re-filed in case of changed circumstances.
Applications for interim measures are normally dealt with by the presidents of the ECJ and the CFI, who decide by way of a reasoned order, either with or without an oral hearing.

Accelerated procedure
A few years ago, the CFI introduced the possibility of an accelerated procedure, specifically with merger control cases in mind. The accelerated procedure has been successfully used for these but also other types of cases. Under the accelerated procedure, there is only one round of written pleadings with very short delays, followed by an extensive oral hearing. The aim is to issue a judgment within six to nine months.
The accelerated procedure must be requested by the applicant or the defendant, together with the filing of the application or the defence. The party requesting the accelerated procedure must show that the case is urgent and is suitable for the accelerated procedure. This requires that the case only raises well defined legal or factual issues that can be dealt with within the context of an accelerated procedure. A party requesting an accelerated procedure can limit its case to specific pleas should accelerated procedure be granted, while maintaining all pleas, in the event the case is decided pursuant to the normal procedure.

PRACTICAL ISSUES

Pursuing a case before the ECJ and the CFI is different in many respects from proceedings before national courts. There are three particularly important issues worthy of highlighting.

Linguistic regime

The most important issue is that the ECJ and CFI are multi-linguistic courts. Regarding the linguistic regime, one has to distinguish between the official language of a case and the courts’ internal working language.
The language of the case can be any of the Community’s official languages. In a reference case, the language of the case is determined by the language of the case before the national court. In a direct action, the language of the case is determined by the language in which the application is lodged. In principle, all documents in the case must be lodged in the language of the case, and the language of the case is also used at the oral hearing. However, member states can make their written and oral submissions in their own language, which will be translated into the language of the case.
Since the judges cannot work in all of the more than 20 different languages, both courts have an internal working language, which by accident and for historical reasons is French. In 1957, the then 6 judges of the ECJ all spoke French, and agreed that this should be their internal working language.
The use of French as the courts’ working language means that all written submissions lodged in another language will be translated into French. The judges and their clerks also normally work on the basis of the French translation rather than the original language version. Lawyers submitting pleadings in another language should bear this in mind when drafting their pleadings and write their pleadings in a simple and clear manner in order to avoid translation errors. Parties also have the chance to submit their arguments themselves in a French translation instead of having the court translate their pleadings. In addition, at many oral hearings the judges will listen to the pleadings by simultaneous translation. Lawyers who speak too quickly or use very complicated language stand to risk that not all of their oral submissions will be properly understood.

Preclusion of new arguments and new evidence

In a direct action, the applicant must set out all pleas in its application and submit all evidence, in particular written evidence, together with the application. It may not introduce new pleas and new evidence later in the proceedings unless the new pleas and new evidence are based upon circumstances of which it could not have been aware at the time it lodged the application. The same rule applies to the defendant, who must also set out its arguments and pleas in its defence.
This preclusion rule often forces the lawyers to make difficult choices. On the one hand, they may want to concentrate their application or defence on the key pleas and arguments. On the other, they certainly do not want to read in the judgment that an argument was rejected because it was submitted too late. The prohibition on adding new documentary evidence later in the proceedings may also lead to the parties submitting an unnecessary amount of documents with the application or defence as a matter of precaution.

Drafting of written briefs

Both the ECJ and the CFI have issued detailed instructions – called practice directions – for the submission of written briefs, which regulate such issues as page margins, fonts to be used, the numbering of annexes, and the drafting of the list of annexes. The CFI’s registry enforces the practice directives particularly vigorously. If pleadings do not comply with the practice directions, the registry will request the party to bring its pleadings in order and not serve the pleadings upon the other parties in the meantime.
One of the most controversial issues regarding the practice directions is the page limit they impose on written pleadings: 50 pages for the application and the defence, and 25 pages for the reply and the rejoinder. Importantly, while the registry tries to enforce these page limits strictly – requesting parties to shorten pleadings if they exceed the page limits – the page limits are not legally binding. It is therefore for each party to decide whether it wishes to insist on longer pleadings, or whether it is prepared to shorten its pleadings. Indeed in many factually complex cases where the reasoning of the challenged act may be several hundred pages, and the file several thousand pages, it is virtually impossible to set out the case in a meaningful manner within 50 pages.

CHALLENGES AHEAD

The ECJ and the CFI have played a pre-eminent role in the development of Community law, and therefore the Community at large. However, both courts face significant challenges for the coming years which they need to address in order to ensure their continued success.
The most important challenge is the duration of the proceedings, which have reached unacceptable levels. For example, the CFI issued 21 judgments in the four months between 1 November 2006 and 28 February 2007 in matters other than trademark and staff cases. Of these 21 cases, one started in 2001, 11 in 2002, five in 2003, and four in 2004. None of the cases started in 2005 or 2006. This confirms that the current length of state aid, competition or trade cases is three to five years. This can amount to a denial of effective judicial protection.
The creation of the CST will certainly free some of the CFI’s resources, but this will not be enough. The most important factor causing delays is the language regime. While it is important to maintain the opportunity for parties to lodge cases in any of the Community’s languages, the courts may wish to think about reforming their internal working language. In particular, many of the very complex and large cases, notably in the areas of state aid, competition, and trade, are lodged in English which probably is also the most widely spoken language among the courts’ judges. Allowing English as a second internal working language would significantly reduce the need for translation and could therefore significantly speed up these proceedings.
The second most important challenge for the courts is to maintain the quality of their judgments. Community law has reached an enormously high degree of complexity. While practising lawyers tend to be highly specialised, the judges of the ECJ and the CFI have to deal on a daily basis with all aspects of Community law. So far, both courts have rejected the idea of specialised chambers on the ground that this could jeopardise the uniformity of Community law. It is doubtful whether and at what price this policy can be continued. Indeed, the question of specialised competition chambers at the CFI, or even a specialised competition court, is very much on the agenda. Specialisation within the CFI, in particular, could also lead to faster judgments.
The European Courts
Dr Georg Berrisch, partner at Covington & Burling, Brussels
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) and, since 1989, the European Court of First Instance (CFI) have both been charged with ensuring that the Community and its actions are governed by the rule of law. In fulfilling this function, both courts have played an enormously important role for the development of the Community and later the Union. In particular the ECJ’s case law during the first 25 years following the signing of the Treaty of Rome 50 years ago has shaped the Community in many respects through its many integration-friendly judgments.
This overview offers a short summary of the function and operation of the ECJ and the CFI from the perspective of a practicing lawyer before the courts. In addition to a description of the courts’ structure, procedure and main types of actions, this overview will also address some specific practical issues, and finally deal with some of the challenges that the courts will have to address in the coming years.
STRUCTURE OF THE COMMUNITY COURTS
For more than 30 years, the ECJ was the only Community court. However, by 1989 the sheer number of cases, and their increasing complexity, made the workload of the court unsustainable. This led to the creation of the CFI, which was set up specifically to deal with fact-intensive disputes such as competition cases. Today it is responsible for all disputes between private parties and the Community institutions and certain disputes between members states and the institutions. In 2005, a third court, the Civil Service Tribunal (CST), came into operation, whose jurisdiction is limited to staff cases. In light of the CST’s narrow and specialised jurisdiction, it will not be dealt with in detail in this article.

Seat, composition and appointment of judges
The ECJ and the CFI have their seat in Luxembourg. Each court is composed of one judge from each member state, ie currently each has a total of 27 judges. The judges must be chosen from persons whose independence is beyond doubt and who possess the qualifications of the highest judicial offices (ECJ) or high judicial offices (CFI) in their respective countries. The judges are appointed by a common accord of the governments of the member states. In practice, each member state selects its judges without any interference by the other member states. The selection process varies widely among the member states. The judges are appointed for six years, and every two years the term of one-third of the judges expires. Judges can be reappointed.
The ECJ also has eight advocates-general, who are formal members of the court and who act as impartial advisors to the judges in each case. The right to propose an advocate-general rotates among the member states. Otherwise, the advocates-general are appointed in the same manner and for the same term as the judges. The CFI does not have advocates-general, however it can – but rarely does – appoint them from among its judges on an ad hoc basis.
Each judge and advocate-general is assisted by a team of up to three to four clerks, called ‘référendaires’ in ECJ jargon. These clerks need not have the same nationality of the judge whom they serve. It is not unusual for clerks to be seconded from the other EU institutions.
The composition of the courts with 27 judges from 27 different jurisdictions and more than 20 different languages poses particular challenges, both for the courts but also for the lawyers pleading before the courts. In national courts, judges not only speak the same language but also share a common legal tradition and were educated in the same legal system as the lawyers pleading before them. With respect to the ECJ and the CFI, this is different. Thus, a UK barrister, who is educated in the common law and used to the British court system, may find himself or herself pleading a case with a strong UK connection before a chamber of five judges of the ECJ emanating from France, Poland, Sweden, Greece, and Slovakia, of whom some possibly speak little or no English. Obviously, such a barrister would be well advised to take that fact into account in both his written and oral submissions. Indeed, it may often be necessary for lawyers to explain certain basic legal concepts which they might assume would be understood by their own national judges.

Chambers and presidents
Both courts normally sit in chambers of three or five judges. The composition of the chambers is published on the courts’ website and in the Official Journal. The ECJ also regularly sits in the so-called ‘grand chamber’ of 13 judges, the CFI does so only in very rare instances. The presidents of the chambers are elected by the judges. The grand chamber is presided over by the president of the respective court.
The ECJ and CFI are each headed by a president, elected for a period of three years by peer vote from among each court’s members. The president is responsible for overseeing the work of the courts and representing his or her court in its dealing with the outside world. He or she also presides at hearings and deliberations of the grand chamber or the full court. Moreover, the president decides on certain special procedures such as applications for interim measures. Finally, the president decides on the allocation of the cases to the different chambers and the appointment of the reporting judge, who will be the lead judge for a case.

The registry
Each court has a registry, headed by a registrar, who provides the basic administrative support to their respective courts by ensuring compliance with the formal procedural rules on pleadings. In addition, they are responsible for keeping the register of cases, notifying all interested parties of any relevant steps in the procedure, drawing up the minutes of hearings and taking care of all the required court publications.
The registry is the only point of contact between a lawyer representing a party before the courts. The registry will do a lot to help lawyers seeking informal guidance on procedural issues. Importantly, while in many member states’ courts lawyers can contact the judges on pending cases, it is inappropriate for a lawyer to contact the ECJ and CFI judges or their clerks to discuss issues in relation to a particular case.

Division of jurisdiction between the ECJ and the CFI
Like any other EU institution, the ECJ and the CFI act within the limits of the powers conferred to them by the founding treaties. The treaties specify the types of cases the courts are responsible for as well as the division of jurisdiction between the two courts. The division of the jurisdiction between the ECJ and the CFI has evolved since the CFI’s creation in 1989, gradually expanding the CFI’s jurisdiction.
Broadly speaking, the ECJ’s jurisdiction covers all reference cases, all infringement cases, as well as direct actions between the institutions and member states, between member states, and between institutions relating to the Communities’ legislative activities. The ECJ also has jurisdiction for appeals on points of law against decisions by the CFI.
The CFI’s jurisdiction covers all direct actions initiated by a private party against any of the Community institutions, including the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (relating to Community trademarks or design rights), and direct actions between member states and Community institutions or between Community institutions challenging Community executive acts (such as state aid decisions).

TYPES OF ACTIONS
Reference cases
Reference cases start before a member state’s court. Whenever a question arises as to the validity or interpretation of Community law in a case before a member state court – whether it be a provision of the founding treaties or of secondary law – the national court can submit a question to the ECJ. If it is the national court of last instance, it is obliged to do so. The ECJ will then provide the national court with an answer, which is generally a binding interpretation of the treaties or secondary Community legislation, not only for the national court in the case at issue, but for all national courts and the other Community institutions.
The ECJ takes great care not to interfere with the competences of the national courts. Thus, the ECJ will only answer the national court’s question as to the interpretation of Community law, leaving it for the national court to draw the consequences for the specific dispute. If the question by the national court does not relate to the interpretation of Community law, but rather concerns national law, the ECJ will decline to answer.
Importantly, only the ECJ and not a national law court can declare invalid a Community act. Thus, if a national court considers a Community law act void, it must put a respective question to the ECJ but cannot itself declare the act void. On the other hand, if in a dispute before a national court one party invokes the illegality of a Community law act, and if the national court considers the argument ill founded, that court can dismiss it without having to submit a reference question to the ECJ.
Many of the ECJ’s seminal judgments were rendered in reference cases, including judgments on the superiority of Community law over national law, the free movement of goods, the direct effect of directives, or the obligation of member states to pay damages for the violation of Community law.

Direct actions
The three most important types of direct actions are actions for annulment, damages actions, and infringement proceedings.

Actions for annulment
Actions for annulment are by far the most common form of direct actions. Any Community law act terminating a proceeding can be challenged with an action for annulment. However, intermediate measures, such as the opening of a competition investigation or the decision to enter into a Phase II investigation in a merger clearance, are not subject to a separate challenge before the Community courts.
The party bringing the action must have standing. In this respect, one has to distinguish between privileged and non-privileged applicants. The privileged applicants are the member states and the Community institutions, and they always have standing. All other parties are non-privileged applicants, and they can only challenge acts specifically addressed to them or acts which, if not specifically addressed to them, concern them directly and individually.
Regrettably, the courts’ case law on individual concern is very restrictive, making it virtually impossible for private parties to challenge measures of general application, such as directives and regulations, even if these acts directly and deeply affect the individuals, for example by prohibiting or restricting certain products or activities. Thus, judicial review of such acts is only possible through a reference case. This poses significant problems from the point of view of access to justice, particularly if a party must violate the law in order to provoke a challengeable national act needed for the initiation of a case before a national court. The restrictive case law also makes no sense from the point of view of judicial economy because, as discussed above, the national court cannot declare the Community law act void. Addressing these concerns regarding access to justice, the CFI and one of the ECJ’s advocates-general proposed a different test a few years ago. Unfortunately, the ECJ decided to maintain the old test.
Fortunately, however, in some member states the possibility exists to challenge an EU regulation or directive before a national court and to request the national court to submit a respective question to the ECJ. In particular, the High Court in London has submitted questions regarding the validity of EU regulations and directives to the ECJ, even before the time limit for the implementation of a directive had expired or a regulation came into force.
Importantly, the only remedy in an action for annulment is the annulment of the challenged act, but not an order by the court against the defendant to adopt a new act with a specific content or an order amending the challenged act. However, under certain strict conditions, it is possible to request a partial annulment of an act. Finally, when implementing the court’s judgment, the Community institutions must take into account not only the judgment’s decision but also its substantive reasoning. Thus, a judgment annulling a Community act can lead to an indirect obligation to adopt a new act with specified content.

Actions for damages
Anyone believing he or she has suffered damage as a result of a Community act can seek compensation from the Community. In order to succeed with such an action, the plaintiff must show that the act at issue constitutes a sufficiently serious Community law violation, the applicant has suffered damage, and a causal link exists between the act and the damages How serious the violation of Community law must be in order to qualify as sufficiently serious depends on the degree of discretion that the Community institution enjoyed when issuing the act complained of. Put simply, the wider the discretion, the more serious the Community violation will have to be.

Infringement proceedings
The Commission regularly initiates infringement proceedings against member states for failure to comply with their Community law obligations. Infringement proceedings require that the Commission first sends to the member state a reasoned opinion detailing the allegations of an infringement of Community law. If the member state then fails to comply with its obligation, the Commission can bring an action against the member state before the Community courts. If the member state does not comply with a judgment in an infringement proceeding, the Commission can request the court to impose a daily penalty payment on the member state until the member state complies. Importantly, private parties cannot participate in infringement cases nor can they force the Commission to start infringement proceedings.
THE PROCEDURE
Overview of the procedure before ECJ
The procedure before the ECJ depends on the type of action. In reference cases, the national court submits its question, together with the complete case file, to the ECJ. The ECJ translates the questions into all the official languages of the EU. The ECJ then officially notifies the parties of the case before the national court, the member states, and the institutions of the case, setting them a non-extendable deadline of two months to lodge written observations. This is the only round of written pleadings, the parties have no chance to respond in writing to the other submissions but can only address them at the oral hearing stage. This is particularly problematic in cases concerning the legality of a Community act, as the party challenging the act will have no chance to address in writing the arguments of the institution(s) defending the act.
Direct actions commence with the filing of an application at the registry. The application is served on the defendant, which will then lodge its defence. In the vast majority of cases, this first round of written pleadings is followed by a second round consisting of a reply and a rejoinder. Except in cases of interventions, the rejoinder closes the written procedure.
In both reference cases and direct actions, the case will be assigned to a reporting judge. The reporting judge is responsible for preparing the oral hearing and later for drafting the judgment. After the closure of the written procedure, the court will ask the parties whether they request an oral procedure. If a party wants on oral hearing, it must then file an application setting out the reasons why it wishes to be heard.
Where the case is to proceed to the oral stage, the reporting judge draws up a report for the hearing. In the past, the report contained a detailed summary of the facts and applicable law, the forms of order sought, and the parties’ pleas and arguments. This was very useful for the lawyers as it enabled them to ascertain whether the judges correctly understood their arguments. It also allowed experienced lawyers to see which aspects of the case the judges were most interested in. Recently, the report for the hearing has been significantly shortened and no longer contains a summary of the legal arguments. However, in some cases the court does indicate in its invitation to the oral hearing those arguments the parties should address. The lawyers also meet with the judges in chambers a few minutes prior to the hearing. Judges may use this meeting to indicate those issues in the case they are most interested in, as well as the issues they don’t want to hear about. If this happens, lawyers are well advised to be flexible and adapt their pleadings.
The oral hearing will be a disappointment for those advocates who are used to an interactive court. Typically, each party will present its case in an oral submission within the time allocated, normally between 15 and 30 minutes. Questions from the bench are rare. At the end of the hearing, each party will be given a rebuttal time to address the arguments of the other parties.
Importantly, the judges do not deliberate and decide on the case immediately after the oral hearing. The deliberations will only begin after the advocate-general has delivered his or her opinion, which may be several weeks or sometimes even months after the oral hearing. The opinion of the advocate-general is not binding upon the judges, although the judges follow the advocate-general in the majority of cases.
The deliberations of the court take place in closed sessions and without the assistance of interpreters. The judges must agree on a single judgment as there are no concurring or dissenting opinions. The deliberation process can take several months. The judgment is then delivered in open court.
The written procedure in appeals against judgments of the CFI is similar to that of direct actions. The appeal is served upon all parties who were parties to the proceedings before the CFI. The parties must then file a response within a two month deadline. This deadline also applies to the interveners before the CFI, who are automatically parties to the appeal before the ECJ. After the filing of the response briefs, the appellant can request permission to file a reply brief. If granted, the respondents will also be given permission to file a rejoinder.

Overview of the procedure before the CFI
The CFI, of course, only deals with direct actions. While the written procedure of the CFI is virtually identical to that before the ECJ, there are important differences with respect to the oral hearing. The way in which the hearing is conducted and prepared reflects that the CFI was originally set up to deal with complex factual cases. It shows a genuine effort by the judges to explore fully the factual and legal aspects of a case.
In preparation of the hearing, the parties often receive detailed questions, to which they are required to respond either in writing before the hearing or orally at the hearing. The judges also frequently request the parties to submit additional documents prior to the hearing.
The hearings before the CFI also start with pleadings by the parties. However, these pleadings are then followed by a detailed questioning session. While the reporting judge normally plays the most active role during these questioning sessions, it is not uncommon that other judges will ask questions, often relating to very detailed issues. The judges normally master the file very well, and any lawyer pleading before the CFI should be well prepared. If not, the hearing can turn out to be an embarrassing and unpleasant experience.
Importantly, the judges not only ask factual questions but also often explain their views on the legal issues raised by the case. This allows the parties to address the court’s views and again reflects the court’s desire to ensure that every party’s arguments are fully heard.
Another important difference from the proceedings before the ECJ is that the judges of the CFI start their deliberation immediately after the oral hearing as there is no advocate-general. However, recently the delays between the oral hearing and the issuing of the judgment have become increasingly long, often exceeding six months or even a year. As is the case with the ECJ, there will be a single judgment delivered in open court with no concurring or dissenting opinions.

Specific procedures
Described above are the basic principles of procedures before the ECJ and the CFI. There are however some specific procedures, the most important of which are interventions, interim measures, and the accelerated procedure.

Interventions
Neither the ECJ nor the CFI allow the submission of amicus curia briefs, but they do allow interventions in support of the pleas of one of the parties. The Community institutions and the member states can intervene in every case before the ECJ and the CFI without having to explain why. All other parties can only intervene in direct actions, including appeals, between private parties and the Community institutions. Thus, they cannot intervene in reference cases or in cases between the institutions and a member state, or between member states or between the institutions.
Moreover, in order to be admitted as an intervener, a private party must show that it has a sufficiently direct interest in the outcome of the case. In this respect, the courts distinguish between interventions by individuals or undertakings on the one hand, and representative trade associations on the other. Individuals or undertakings must show that they have a direct interest in the upholding or annulment of the act at issue. However, representative trade associations must merely prove that the case raises general legal questions as a result of which the court’s judgment is liable to affect the interests of the associations’ members.
Admitted interveners will get full access to the file, with the exception of confidential information. They have the right to submit a written intervention brief and to make submissions at the oral hearing.
In order to inform potential interveners about pending cases, the lodging of every case is published in the Official Journal. The intervention application must be filed within six weeks following the publication of the case in the Official Journal. An intervener who misses that deadline may still be admitted, but will enjoy limited rights. Specifically, it can make oral submissions at the hearing but will not get access to the file and has no right to make a written submission.

Interim measures
Applications for annulment do not have ‘suspensory’ effect. Thus, if a party files an application for annulment, it must still comply with the obligations resulting from the challenged act. Parties can, however, request the court to issue interim measures, including a suspension of the challenged act.
The standard for interim measures applications is very high, and the success rate very low. The applicant must show a prima facie case, that in absence of interim measures it would suffer irreparable harm, and that the balance of interests speaks in favour of interim measures. In practice, the irreparable harm requirement is an almost insurmountable hurdle, as the courts consider mere financial damage insufficient, because this is reparable through a subsequent damages action. This means that, for all practical purposes, the applicant must show that interim measures are necessary for it not to go bankrupt.
Importantly, an application for interim measures can only be filed in connection with a main action, in particular, an action for annulment. It cannot be filed before the lodging of the action for annulment, but it can be filed at any time thereafter. It can also be re-filed in case of changed circumstances.
Applications for interim measures are normally dealt with by the presidents of the ECJ and the CFI, who decide by way of a reasoned order, either with or without an oral hearing.

Accelerated procedure
A few years ago, the CFI introduced the possibility of an accelerated procedure, specifically with merger control cases in mind. The accelerated procedure has been successfully used for these but also other types of cases. Under the accelerated procedure, there is only one round of written pleadings with very short delays, followed by an extensive oral hearing. The aim is to issue a judgment within six to nine months.
The accelerated procedure must be requested by the applicant or the defendant, together with the filing of the application or the defence. The party requesting the accelerated procedure must show that the case is urgent and is suitable for the accelerated procedure. This requires that the case only raises well defined legal or factual issues that can be dealt with within the context of an accelerated procedure. A party requesting an accelerated procedure can limit its case to specific pleas should accelerated procedure be granted, while maintaining all pleas, in the event the case is decided pursuant to the normal procedure.

PRACTICAL ISSUES
Pursuing a case before the ECJ and the CFI is different in many respects from proceedings before national courts. There are three particularly important issues worthy of highlighting.

Linguistic regime
The most important issue is that the ECJ and CFI are multi-linguistic courts. Regarding the linguistic regime, one has to distinguish between the official language of a case and the courts’ internal working language.
The language of the case can be any of the Community’s official languages. In a reference case, the language of the case is determined by the language of the case before the national court. In a direct action, the language of the case is determined by the language in which the application is lodged. In principle, all documents in the case must be lodged in the language of the case, and the language of the case is also used at the oral hearing. However, member states can make their written and oral submissions in their own language, which will be translated into the language of the case.
Since the judges cannot work in all of the more than 20 different languages, both courts have an internal working language, which by accident and for historical reasons is French. In 1957, the then 6 judges of the ECJ all spoke French, and agreed that this should be their internal working language.
The use of French as the courts’ working language means that all written submissions lodged in another language will be translated into French. The judges and their clerks also normally work on the basis of the French translation rather than the original language version. Lawyers submitting pleadings in another language should bear this in mind when drafting their pleadings and write their pleadings in a simple and clear manner in order to avoid translation errors. Parties also have the chance to submit their arguments themselves in a French translation instead of having the court translate their pleadings. In addition, at many oral hearings the judges will listen to the pleadings by simultaneous translation. Lawyers who speak too quickly or use very complicated language stand to risk that not all of their oral submissions will be properly understood.

Preclusion of new arguments and new evidence
In a direct action, the applicant must set out all pleas in its application and submit all evidence, in particular written evidence, together with the application. It may not introduce new pleas and new evidence later in the proceedings unless the new pleas and new evidence are based upon circumstances of which it could not have been aware at the time it lodged the application. The same rule applies to the defendant, who must also set out its arguments and pleas in its defence.
This preclusion rule often forces the lawyers to make difficult choices. On the one hand, they may want to concentrate their application or defence on the key pleas and arguments. On the other, they certainly do not want to read in the judgment that an argument was rejected because it was submitted too late. The prohibition on adding new documentary evidence later in the proceedings may also lead to the parties submitting an unnecessary amount of documents with the application or defence as a matter of precaution.

Drafting of written briefs
Both the ECJ and the CFI have issued detailed instructions – called practice directions – for the submission of written briefs, which regulate such issues as page margins, fonts to be used, the numbering of annexes, and the drafting of the list of annexes. The CFI’s registry enforces the practice directives particularly vigorously. If pleadings do not comply with the practice directions, the registry will request the party to bring its pleadings in order and not serve the pleadings upon the other parties in the meantime.
One of the most controversial issues regarding the practice directions is the page limit they impose on written pleadings: 50 pages for the application and the defence, and 25 pages for the reply and the rejoinder. Importantly, while the registry tries to enforce these page limits strictly – requesting parties to shorten pleadings if they exceed the page limits – the page limits are not legally binding. It is therefore for each party to decide whether it wishes to insist on longer pleadings, or whether it is prepared to shorten its pleadings. Indeed in many factually complex cases where the reasoning of the challenged act may be several hundred pages, and the file several thousand pages, it is virtually impossible to set out the case in a meaningful manner within 50 pages.

CHALLENGES AHEAD
The ECJ and the CFI have played a pre-eminent role in the development of Community law, and therefore the Community at large. However, both courts face significant challenges for the coming years which they need to address in order to ensure their continued success.
The most important challenge is the duration of the proceedings, which have reached unacceptable levels. For example, the CFI issued 21 judgments in the four months between 1 November 2006 and 28 February 2007 in matters other than trademark and staff cases. Of these 21 cases, one started in 2001, 11 in 2002, five in 2003, and four in 2004. None of the cases started in 2005 or 2006. This confirms that the current length of state aid, competition or trade cases is three to five years. This can amount to a denial of effective judicial protection.
The creation of the CST will certainly free some of the CFI’s resources, but this will not be enough. The most important factor causing delays is the language regime. While it is important to maintain the opportunity for parties to lodge cases in any of the Community’s languages, the courts may wish to think about reforming their internal working language. In particular, many of the very complex and large cases, notably in the areas of state aid, competition, and trade, are lodged in English which probably is also the most widely spoken language among the courts’ judges. Allowing English as a second internal working language would significantly reduce the need for translation and could therefore significantly speed up these proceedings.
The second most important challenge for the courts is to maintain the quality of their judgments. Community law has reached an enormously high degree of complexity. While practising lawyers tend to be highly specialised, the judges of the ECJ and the CFI have to deal on a daily basis with all aspects of Community law. So far, both courts have rejected the idea of specialised chambers on the ground that this could jeopardise the uniformity of Community law. It is doubtful whether and at what price this policy can be continued. Indeed, the question of specialised competition chambers at the CFI, or even a specialised competition court, is very much on the agenda. Specialisation within the CFI, in particular, could also lead to faster judgments.
Finally, the courts must continue to fill their role as a representative of the Community. The issues confronting the Community courts today directly affect the lives of many EU citizens. It is important that citizens feel that the Community courts take their concerns seriously. This is not only a matter of substance but also very much a matter of perception, concerning the way in which the procedures before the two courts are conducted and judgments are drafted. If citizens feel, rightly or wrongly, that their arguments are not properly heard and addressed by the courts, they will not only reject the courts but also the Community as a whole.

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Court of First Instance Judges

Azizi, Josef (Austria)

Mr Azizi was appointed as a judge at the Court of First Instance (CFI) on 18 January 1995, following Austria’s admission to the European Union. He obtained an undergraduate degree in sociology and economics, and a Doctor of Laws from the University of Vienna. He became a lecturer and later senior lecturer at the Vienna School of Economics and the Faculty of Law of the University of Vienna. He was also formerly head of department at the Austrian Federal Chancellery and a member of the steering committee on legal cooperation of the Council of Europe. He has served as representative ad litem before the Verfassungsgerichtshof (Constitutional Court) in proceedings for review of the constitutionality of federal laws. Mr Azizi was also the coordinator responsible for the adaptation of Austrian Federal law to Community law.

Cooke D. John (Ireland)

Mr Cooke has been a judge of the CFI since 1996. He is a graduate of University College, Dublin, and was admitted to the Irish Bar in 1966 and subsequently to the Bars of England & Wales, of Northern Ireland and of New South Wales. He practised law from 1966 to 1996, and from 1985 to 1986 he was elected president of the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Community (CCBE). In addition, he was visiting fellow at University College Dublin’s faculty of law and fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators. From 1987 to 1990 he served as president of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. A bencher of the Honorable Society of Kings Inns, Dublin and honorary bencher of Lincoln’s Inn, London, Mr Cooke became a judge at the CFI on 10 January 1996.

Cremona, Ena (Malta)

Ms Cremona became a judge of the CFI on 12 May 2004. She qualified from the Royal University of Malta with a BA in languages in 1955 and a Doctor of Laws (LLD) in 1958. She was admitted to the Maltese bar in 1959 and until her appointment to the CFI she played a key role in the fields of human rights and gender in Malta. From 1964 to 1979 she served as a legal advisor to the National Council of Women of Malta. In this capacity she also drafted memoranda to the government on discrimination against women in Maltese law. This led to amendments to the Maltese civil code in 1973. In 1979 she resigned her position in order to take up general human rights activities. During the period from 1983 to 1987 she was a member of a Maltese human rights group, which interacted with international human rights groups (such as the Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and Amnesty International), monitored human rights violations in Malta and compiled data for the group’s annual human rights report. From 1987 to 1989 she worked as a member of the public service commission, a constitutional commission which adjudicates appointments and promotions within the public service as well as appeals from the public service disciplinary board. Her work experience includes serving as a board member at Lombard Bank (Malta) Ltd, representing the government shareholding from 1987 to 1993, a member of the electoral commission since 1993, an examiner for doctoral theses at the Royal University of Malta and member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) from 2003 to 2004.

Czúcz, Ottó (Hungary)

A former judge at the Hungarian constitutional court Mr Czúcz joined the CFI on 12 May 2004. Having graduated from the University of Szeged with a Doctor of Laws in 1971, Mr Czúcz started his career as an administrator at the Ministry of Labour. In 1974 he returned to Szeged to teach at the University of Szeged, as a lecturer from 1974 to 1989, dean of the Faculty of Law from 1989 to 1990 and a vice-rector from 1992 to 1997. He spent a year in Munich between 1984 and 1985 working as a research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law. As a fellow of the Confederation of Switzerland, he gave lectures and carried out research work at the University of Geneva in 1991 and 1992. As a member of the presidium of the national retirement insurance scheme he became a judge at the Hungarian constitutional court, where he served from 1998 to 2004. From 1998 to 2002 he was also vice-president of the European Institute for Social Security and a member of the scientific council of the International Social Security Association from 1998 to 2004. Mr Czúcz is fluent in English, French, and German.

Dehousse, Franklin (Belgium)

Mr Dehousse obtained his law degree from the University of Liege in 1981 and a Doctor of Laws from the University of Strasbourg in 1990. He was a research fellow at Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique from 1985 to 1989 and a legal advisor to the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1990. He has an academic background, as a professor at the Universities of Liege and Strasbourg, the College of Europe, the Institut Royal Supérieur de Défense, the Université de Montesquieu, Bordeaux, the Collège Michel Servet of the University of Paris and Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur. From 1995 to 1999 he was appointed as a special representative of the Minister for Foreign Affairs. From 1998 to 2003 he served as a director of European studies of the Royal Institute of International Relations, and from 2001 to 2003 he served as assesseur at the Council of State. His previous experience includes working as a consultant to the European Commission (1990-2003) and acting as a member of the Internet Observatory (2001-2003). Mr Dehousse has been a judge at the CFI since 7 October 2003.

Forwood, Nicholas James (United Kingdom)

Graduating from Cambridge University in 1969 with a BA and in 1973 with an MA in mechanical sciences and law, Mr Forwood was called to the English Bar in 1970. Afterwards he practised in London from 1971 to 1979 and in Brussels from 1979 to 1999. In 1981 he was called to the Irish Bar and was appointed Queen’s Counsel in 1987. Becoming a bencher of the Middle Temple in 1998, he served as representative of the Bar of England and Wales at the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the EU (CCBE) and Chairman of the CCBE’s Permanent Delegation to the ECJ from 1995 to 1999. From 1993 to 2002 he was a member of the governing board member of the World Trade Law Association and the European Maritime Law Organisation. Mr Forwood was appointed as a member of the CFI in December 1999.

García-Valdecasas y Fernández, Rafael (Spain)

A judge at the CFI since 5 September 1989, Mr García-Valdecasas y Fernández was head of the Spanish delegation in the working group created at the Council of the European Communities with a view to establishing the Court of First Instance of the European Communities. He started his career as an Abogado del Estado (at Jaén and Granada). He was registrar to the Economic and Administrative Court of Jaén, and subsequently of Cordoba. Before joining the CFI in 1989 he was head of the Spanish State Legal Service for cases before the ECJ.

Jaeger, Marc (Luxembourg)

Mr Jaeger has been a judge at the CFI since 11 July 1996. An attaché de justice, delegated to the public attorney’s office, he was appointed as judge and vice-president of the Luxembourg District Court. While teaching at the Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg (Luxembourg University Centre), he was seconded to be a legal secretary at the ECJ from 1986.

Jürimäe, Küllike (Estonia)

Ms Jürimäe received her degree in law from the University of Tartu in 1986. From 1986 to 1991 she was an assistant to the public prosecutor in Tallinn. She worked as a legal advisor from 1991 to 1993 and general counsel from 1992 to 1993 at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and during that time she obtained a diploma from the Estonian School of Diplomacy. She entered the judiciary and became a judge at the Tallinn Court of Appeal, where she served for 11 years. In 2003 she obtained a European masters in human rights and democratisation from the Universities of Padua and Nottingham and became a judge at the CFI on 12 May 2004.

Labucka, Ingrida (Latvia)

Ms Ingrida Labucka, a former Minister of Justice, has been a judge at the CFI since 12 May 2004. Ms Labucka obtained her diploma in law from the University of Latvia in 1986, after which she was recruited as investigator at the Interior Ministry for the Kirov Region and the City of Riga. In 1990 she became a judge at the Riga District Court and remained in that post until 1994, when she left the judiciary and entered private practice. She worked as a lawyer from 1994 until 1998, when she was elected as the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Latvia. In July 1999 she returned to private practice until May 2000, when she was re-elected as Minister for Justice, a post that she held until October 2002. She has worked for the International Court of Arbitration in the Hague – where she was a member from 2001 to 2004 – and as a member of Parliament from 2002 to 2004.
Legal, Hubert (France)
A state counsellor in France, Mr Legal graduated from the École Normale Supérieure de Saint-Cloud and from the École Nationale d’Administration. From 1979 to 1985 he was an associate professor of English. From 1988 to 1993 he served as a rapporteur and subsequently Commissaire du Gouvernement in proceedings before the judicial sections of the Conseil d’État. In 1993 he was entrusted with the prestigious post of legal advisor in the permanent representation of the French Republic to the United Nations in New York. In 1997 he turned his eye towards Europe and became legal secretary in the Chambers of Judge Puissochet at the ECJ. After four years in that post he became a judge at the CFI in 2001.

M. Ciuca, Valeriu (Romania)

As a consequence of the accession of Romania to the European Union on 1 January 2007, the representatives of the governments of the member states of the European Union appointed Mr Teodor Tchipev as judge at the CFI for the period from 12 January 2007 to 31 August 2010. Mr M. Ciuc? obtained his degree in law in 1984 and a doctorate in law in 1997 from the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Ia?i. He served as a judge at the Court of First Instance, Suceava from 1984 to 1989 and as a judge at the Military Court, Ia?i from 1989 to 1990. In 1990 he was entrusted with the position of professor at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Ia?i, where he remained for 16 years. At the same time he was a stipended student specialising in private law at the University of Rennes (1991-1992), an assistant professor at Petre Andrei University, Ia?i (1999-2002) and a lecturer at the Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkirk (Research Unit on Industry and Innovation) in 2006.

Martins de Nazaré Ribeiro, Maria Eugénia (Portugal)

Ms Martins de Nazaré Ribeiro studied in Lisbon, Brussels and Strasbourg. A member of the Bar in Portugal and Brussels, she was an independent researcher at the Institute of European Studies, the Free University of Brussels. In 1986 she became legal secretary to the Portuguese judge at the Court of Justice, Mr Moitinho de Almeida and in 2000 legal secretary to the President of the CFI, Mr Bo Vesterdorf. She became a judge at the CFI in 2004.

Papasavvas, S. Savvas (Cyprus)

Mr Papasavvas completed his studies at the University of Athens in 1991. He obtained his DEA in public law from the University of Paris II in 1992 and a PhD in law from the University of Aix-Marseille III in 1995. After being admitted to the Cyprus Bar in 1993 he started his career in private practice. From 1997 to 2002 he was a lecturer at the University of Cyprus and since September 2002 a lecturer in constitutional law. From 2001 to 2002 he worked as a researcher at the European public law centre and became judge at the CFI on 12 May 2004.

Pelikánová, Irena (Czech Republic)

Following EU accession, Ms Pelikánová became the Czech Republic’s first member judge to represent the country in Luxembourg. Before joining the European Institutions, from 1998 to 2004 Ms Pelikánová was a member of the legislative council of the government of the Czech Republic. She obtained her Doctor of Laws, and subsequently worked as an assistant in economic law and later (from 1993) a Professor of Business Law at Charles University in Prague. From 1999 to 2002 she was a member of the executive of the securities commission and worked for two years in private practice before her appointment to the legislative council.

Pirrung, Jörg (Germany)

Mr Pirrung has been a judge at the CFI since 11 June 1997. An academic assistant at the University of Marburg, he obtained his Doctor of Laws from the University of Marburg, and began working as an advisor, and subsequently became head of the section for private international law and, finally, head of a subdivision for civil law in the German Federal Ministry of Justice. From 1993 to 1998 he was a member of the Governing Council of Unidroit and in 1996 he became chairman of the Commission of the Hague Conference on Private International Law to draw up the convention concerning the protection of children. An honorary professor of private international law, international procedural law and European law at the University of Trier, he has been a member of the scientific advisory board of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law in Hamburg since 2002.

Prek, Miro (Slovenia)

Mr Prek received his degree in law in 1989 and was called to the Bar in 1994. Before joining the European Institutions he performed various tasks and functions in public administration, principally in the government Office for Legislation (under-secretary of state and deputy director, head of the department for European and comparative law) and in the Office for European Affairs (under-secretary of state). He was also a member of the negotiating team for the association agreement from 1994 to 1996 and for accession to the European Union for 1998 to 2003, responsible for legal affairs. Mr Prek was responsible for projects regarding adaptation to European legislation and European integration, principally in the Western Balkans. In 2004 he decided to embark on a career in the European Institutions. He became head of division at the ECJ and, after two years, the Slovenian judge at the CFI.

Šváby, Daniel (Slovakia)

A member of the European Commission of Human Rights and a judge at the Slovakian constitutional court (from 2000 to 2004), Daniel Šváby was a distinguished judge in Slovakia before moving to the Court of First Instance on 12 May 2004. He obtained a Doctor of Laws from the University of Bratislava and held various offices within the judiciary, including: judge at the district court, Bratislava; appeal court judge responsible for civil law cases; vice-president of the appeal court, Bratislava; and judge responsible for commercial law cases at the Supreme Court. He was also a member of the civil and family law section at the Ministry of Justice’s Law Institute.

Tchipev, Teodor (Bulgaria)

A former judge at the Constitutional Court and former Minister for Justice Mr Tchipev was appointed as judge at the CFI on 12 January 2007 after the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007. He obtained a degree in law at St Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia in 1961 and a Doctorate in law in 1977. His study and research activities include the European University centre, Nancy, France, the summer school in American law, Leyden, Netherlands, the academy of international law, The Hague and the Max Planck Institute of Foreign Private Law and international private law, Hamburg. He started off his career in 1963 as a lawyer and became legal advisor at the state automobile enterprise for international transport from 1964 to 1973. It was from there that he moved to the institute of law, Bulgarian academy of sciences to work as a research fellow from 1973 until 1988. In 1988 he was appointed as an associate professor of civil procedure at the faculty of law of St Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia and remained at that post until 1991. From 1988 to 2006 he served as an arbitrator at the Court of Arbitration of the Chamber of Trade and Industry. In 1991 he entered the judiciary and was entrusted with the prestigious position as a judge at the Constitutional Court. Three years later he became Minister for Justice (1994-1995). From 1995 to 2006 he worked as an associate professor of civil procedure at the New Bulgarian University, Sofia and from 2001 to 2006 as an associate professor at Paissi Hilendarski University, Plovdiv. Mr Tchipev has published many articles on questions of civil procedure, international commercial arbitration and constitutional justice and has drafted many reports on these questions for various conferences in Bulgaria and abroad. He speaks French, German, Russian and English.

Tiili, Virpi (Finland)

Upon the accession of Finland to the European Union on 1 January 1995 Ms Tiili became judge at the CFI. She holds a Doctor of Laws from the University of Helsinki, where she worked as an assistant lecturer in civil and commercial law. Before joining the CFI she was director of legal affairs and commercial policy at the Central Chamber of Commerce of Finland and director general of the Finnish office for consumer protection.

Vadapalas, Vilenas (Lithuania)

A member of the coordinating group of the delegation negotiating Lithuanian accession to the European Union from 2002 to 2004, Mr Vadapalas was appointed the first representative judge of Lithuania to the CFI in May 2004. He obtained a doctorate from the Lomonosov Moscow State University and a Doctor habil. in law from the University of Warsaw. From 1981 to 2004, Mr Vadapalas taught international law at the University of Vilnius, focusing on human rights law since 1991 and European Union law since 2000. From 1991 to 1993 he was an adviser to the Lithuanian government on foreign relations. He was the director general of the European Law department of the Government of Lithuania from 1997 to 2004 and Jean Monnet Professor of European Union Law at the faculty of law of Vilnius University. An author of many books and several articles on international Law, human rights, international humanitarian and European law, Mr Vadapalas was a member of several international negotiation teams of the Lithuanian government including dealings on land frontiers and maritime delimitation and membership of Lithuania in the European Union. He is also president of the Lithuanian European Community Studies Association and was a member and chairman of the parliamentary working group for the drafting of constitutional amendments necessary for the accession of Lithuania to the European Union. He actively took part in the process of harmonising Lithuanian law with international and European human rights standards and EU law. In addition, he was an expert of the Council of Europe on compatibility of national legislation with the European Convention on Human Rights.

Vesterdorf, Bo (Denmark)

Bo Vesterdorf is president and the longest-serving member of the CFI. He was one of the 12 original members of the court when it was set up on 25 September 1989 and managed the court’s growth to 27 judges representing the countries of the expanded EU. The president of the CFI since 4 March 1998, Mr Vesterdorf was re-elected in September 1998, in September 2001 and again on 8 September 2004. He has played a huge role in making the CFI into a key centre for dispensing EU justice, having presided over many important competition and intellectual property cases, notably Microsoft in its appeal of EC antitrust penalties (Microsoft’s appeal of the European Union’s antitrust decision). Mr Vesterdorf began his career as a lawyer-linguist at the ECJ. Later on he served as an administrator in the Danish Ministry of Justice, as an examining magistrate and as a legal attaché in the permanent representation of Denmark to the European Communities. He was a temporary judge at the Østre Landsret (Court of Appeal) and head of the constitutional and administrative law division of the Danish Ministry of Justice. Mr Vesterdorf was a member of the steering committee on human rights at the Council of Europe (CDDH) and subsequently became a member of the bureau of the CDDH. In 2004 he also became member of the ad hoc committee on judicial training at the Academy of European Law, Trier (Germany), and an occasional lecturer at the University of Copenhagen. He has published widely on European law, particularly competition law.

Vilaras, Mihalis (Greece)

After working in private practice from 1974 to 1980, Mr Vilaras became a national expert with the Legal Service of the Commission of the European Communities, then principal administrator in DG V (employment, industrial relations, social affairs) at the Commission in Brussels. He was a junior officer, junior member and, since 1999, member of the Greek Council of State and an associate member of the Superior Special Court of Greece. From 1996 to 1998 he was a member of the central legislative drafting committee of Greece and later director of the legal service in the Greek government’s general secretariat. He has been a judge at the CFI since 17 September 1998.

W.H. Meij, Arjen (Netherlands)

Before joining the CFI on 17 September 1998, Mr Meij held various positions within the judiciary and was a reputed judge and academic. He has served as justice at the Supreme Court of the Netherlands (1996), as judge and vice-president at the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven (Administrative Court for Trade and Industry) (1986), judge substitute at the Court of Appeal for social security, and substitute member of the administrative Court for customs tariff matters. In 1980
he was appointed as a legal secretary at the ECJ. He has also worked as a lecturer
in European law at the University of Groningen, research assistant at the University of Michigan Law School and a staff member of the International Secretariat of the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce (1970).

Wiszniewska-Bialecka, Irena (Poland)

Ms Wiszniewska-Bialecka obtained her Magister Juris from the University of Warsaw in 1969. From 1969 to 2004 she was a researcher, assistant lecturer, associate professor, and then professor at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Between 1985 and 1986 she worked as an assistant researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Patent, Copyright and Competition Law, Munich. Working as a lawyer from 1992 to 2000, she became a judge at the Supreme Administrative Court in 2001. Three years later she was appointed a judge at the CFI.

Moavero Milanesi, Enzo (Italy)

Mr Moavero Milanesi obtained his degree in law from the La Sapienza University of Rome in 1977. He also earned a certificate in Community law from the College of Europe in Bruges in 1982, and a certificate from the Academy of American and International Law (University of Texas at Dallas) in 1983. Between 1977 and 1979 he was lieutenant of the Guardia di Finanza, the Italian fiscal police. Afterwards he became an attorney with an international firm in Rome, but from 1983 onwards, he held several positions mainly at the European Commission. From 1983 to 1988 he was a case handler on the application of EC antitrust rules at DG Competition. Between 1990 and 1992, he was head of cabinet of the Commission Vice President, responsible for telecommunications, information technology, science, research and technological development. From 1993 to 1995 he served as an advisor on Community matters to the Italian Prime Minister. In subsequent years he held various offices in the Commission, including: head of cabinet for Commissioner Mario Monti (1995-1999); head of cabinet of the Commissioner responsible for Competition (1999); director, directorate-general for Competition within the directorate responsible for services (1999-2002); and director in the antitrust service (2000-2001). In 2002 he became deputy secretary-general of the Commission. Until the end of 2006 he was director general of the bureau for European policy advisers of the European Commission and since May 2006 he has been judge at the CFI. In addition he was lecturer in Community law at the Universities of La Sapienza (Rome) from 1993 to 1996, Luiss (Rome) from 1993 to 1996 and from 2002 to 2006 and Bocconi (Milan) from 1996 to 2000. He has also written several articles and books on merger control regulation, EU law and policies, and EU competition law.

Wahl, Nils (Sweden)

Nils Wahl has been a judge at the CFI since 7 October 2006. He graduated from the University of Stockholm with a Master of Laws in 1987 and a Doctor of Laws in 1995. On completion of his studies he became an associate professor (docent) and holder of the Jean Monet Chair of European Law in 1995 and a professor of European law, University of Stockholm in 2001. Assistant lawyer in private practice from 1987 to 1989, he worked as a managing director for an educational foundation from 1993 to 2004. From 2001 to 2006 he was chairman of the Swedish network for European legal research (Nätverket för europarättslig forskning) and from 2001 to 2006 member of the council for competition law matters (Rådet för konkurrensfrågor). In 2005 he was assigned judge to the Court of Appeal for Skåne and Blekinge (Hovrätten över Skåne och Blekinge).

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European Court of Justice Judges

Arabadjiev, Alexander (Bulgaria)

Mr Arabadjiev is a former judge of the Supreme Court of Bulgaria (civil law division) and a former member of the Bulgarian Parliament. He completed his legal studies at the St Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia. Before joining the ECJ on 12 January 2007 as the Bulgarian judge, he was an eminent judge at home, starting off in the District Court, Blagoevgrad in 1975, then moving to the Regional Court, Blagoevgrad in 1983, to the Supreme Court in 1986 and subsequently to the Constitutional Court from 1991 to 2000. A member of the former European Commission of Human Rights from 1997 to 1999, of the European Convention on the Future of Europe from 2002 to 2003, and of the National Assembly from 2001 to 2006 he also worked as an observer at the European Parliament. Mr Arabadjiev was appointed a judge at the ECJ after the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union in 2007.

Arestis, George (Cyprus)

Mr Arestis graduated in law from the University of Athens in 1968 and obtained an MA in comparative politics and government from the University of Kent at Canterbury in 1970. On completion of his studies he embarked on a career in private practice. He worked as a lawyer in Cyprus from 1972 to 1982, and was then appointed District Court judge and promoted to the post of president of the District Court in 1995. From 1997 to 2003 he was administrative president of the District Court of Nicosia. In 2003 he was appointed judge at the Supreme Court of Cyprus, before moving to his present position as a judge at the ECJ on 11 May 2004.

Bay Larsen, Lars (Denmark)

Mr Bay Larsen obtained a degree in political science in 1976 and law in 1983 from the University of Copenhagen. From 1983 to 1985 he served as an official at the Ministry of Justice. He worked as an academic at the University of Copenhagen, first as a lecturer in family law, from 1984 to 1991 and then as an associate professor from 1991 to 1996. In 1985 he was recruited as head of section at the Advokatsamfund (the Danish Bar Association), before being offered the position of the head of section at the Ministry of Justice the following year. From 1991 to 2003 he held various positions at the Ministry of Justice, including: head of division (1991-1995); head of the police department (1995-1999); and head of the law department (2000-2003). Mr Bay Larsen was the Danish representative on the K-4 Committee from 1995 to 2000, the Schengen Central Group from 1996 to 1998 and the Europol Management Board from 1998 to 2000. In 2003 he became a judge at the Højesteret (Supreme Court) and was appointed as judge at the ECJ on 11 January 2006.

Bonichot, Jean-Claude (France)

Mr Bonichot was elected a judge at the ECJ on 7 October 2006. He is a graduate of the University of Metz and holds a degree from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Paris and is a former student at the École Nationale d’Administration. From 1982 to 1985 he worked as a rapporteur, after which he was appointed as Commissaire du Gouvernement. He remained in that post until 1987 and returned to it in 1992 for a seven-year period. In between he was recruited as legal secretary at the ECJ until 1991 and as a director of the private office of the Minister for Labour, Employment and Vocational Training, and subsequently for the Minister for the Civil Service and Modernisation of Administration from 1991 to 1992. In 1999 he became a judge and the following year president of the sixth sub-division of the Judicial Division at the Council of State, where he remained until his appointment as a judge at the ECJ. In addition, from 2001 to 2006 he was entrusted with the position of the head of the Legal Mission of the Council of State at the National Health Insurance Fund for employed persons. On the academic side, from 1988 to 2000 he worked as a lecturer at the University of Metz, then at the University of Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne from 2000. He is the author of numerous publications on administrative law, Community law and European human rights law, founder and chairman of the editorial committee of the Bulletin de Jurisprudence de Droit de l’Urbanisme and co-founder and member of the editorial committee of the Bulletin Juridique des Collectivités Locales. He is also president of the scientific council of the research group on institutions and laws governing regional and urban planning and habitats.

Borg Barthet, Anthony (Malta)

With a Doctorate in Law from the Royal University of Malta in 1973, Mr Borg Barthet was admitted to the bar in Malta in 1974. After working in private practice for a year he joined the Maltese civil service as a notary to the government in 1975. He was transferred to the attorney-general’s office in 1978, where he worked as a counsel for the Republic in 1978. From 1979 to 1988 he was posted as senior counsel for the Republic, becoming assistant attorney-general and was promoted to attorney-general in 1989. During his career Mr Borg Barthet appeared for the government of Malta in civil and constitutional cases. He prosecuted before the higher criminal courts in Malta, was an agent for the government before the European Court of Human Rights and represented the government of Malta in various Council of Europe committees, at Commonwealth Law Ministries Conferences, European Minister of Justice Conferences and at other meetings and in bilateral negotiations, and co-chaired joint OECD-Co-operative Jurisdiction meetings on unfair tax practices. From 1985 to 1989 he worked as a part-time lecturer in civil law at the University of Malta and became member of the council of the University of Malta from 1998 to 2004. He was member of the commission for the administration of justice from 1994 to 2004 and member of the board of governors of the Malta arbitration centre from 1998 to 2004. He became the Maltese judge at the ECJ on 11 May 2004.

Bot, Yves (France)

A former Paris public prosecutor, Mr Bot is one of the advocates-general at the ECJ. Having graduated from Rouen University’s law faculty, he earned his Doctor of Laws from the University of Paris II, Panthéon-Assas. After working as a lecturer at the Le Mans University’s law faculty, he was appointed as deputy public prosecutor, then senior deputy public prosecutor in Le Mans from 1974 to 1982. He then worked for two years as a public prosecutor at the Regional Court in Dieppe, a further two years as a deputy public prosecutor at the Regional Court in Strasbourg and, from 1986 to 1988, as a public prosecutor at the Regional Court in Bastia. In 1988 he became advocate-general at the Court of Appeal in Caen. In 1991 he was appointed as a public prosecutor at the Regional Court in Le Mans and then switched to become a special adviser to the Minister for Justice from 1993 to 1995. From 1995 to 2002 he worked as a public prosecutor at the Nanterre Regional Court and from 2002 to 2004 as a public prosecutor at the Regional Court in Paris. In 2004 he was recruited to the Court of Appeal, Paris as principal state prosecutor, from where he was appointed to the ECJ on 7 October 2006.

Grass, Roger (France)

A member of the French judiciary, Mr Grass has been a registrar at the ECJ since 10 February 1994. He had his term renewed on 28 June 2005 for the period from 2006 to February 2012. The registrar of the court is elected by the judges and advocates-general for a term of six years. He is the secretary-general of the institution, whose departments he directs under the authority of the president of the court. Mr Grass graduated from the Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Paris and was awarded a higher degree in public law. He has served as deputy Procureur de la République attached to the Tribunal de Grande Instance, Versailles, principal administrator at the ECJ, secretary-general of the Court of Appeal, Paris, member of the cabinet of the French Minister for Justice, and legal secretary at the ECJ in the chambers of Presidents Kutscher, Mertens de Wilmars, Lord Mackenzie Stuart and Due.

Ilešic, Marko (Slovenia)

Mr Ilešic graduated from the University of Ljubljana with a Doctor of Law, before specialising in comparative law at the Universities of Strasbourg and Coimbra. He was appointed as a judge at the labour court, Ljubljana, from 1975 to 1986, while from 1978 to 1986 he was president of the sports tribunal. Mr Ilešic was an arbitrator at the following institutions: the arbitration court of the Triglav insurance company from 1990 to 1998; the stock exchange arbitration court from 1998; the chamber of commerce of Yugoslavia until 1991, and Slovenia from 1991 and the international chamber of commerce in Paris. He was also chairman of the stock exchange appellate chamber from 1995, judge at the board of appeals of UEFA from 1988 and FIFA from 2000, president of the union of Slovenian lawyers’ associations, member of the international law association, of the international maritime committee and of several other international legal societies. Mr Ilešic is professor of civil law, commercial law and private international law, and dean of the faculty of law at the University of Ljubljana. In 11 May 2004 he was elected to represent Slovenia at the ECJ. He is author of numerous legal publications.

Jann, Peter (Austria)

Mr Peter obtained his Doctor of Laws from the University of Vienna in 1957. In 1961 he was appointed a judge and assigned to the Federal Ministry of Justice. Two years later he was entrusted with the position of judge responsible for press matters at the Straf-Bezirksgericht, Vienna. From 1966 to 1970 he was recruited as the spokesman of the Federal Ministry of Justice and was subsequently appointed to the international affairs department of that ministry. Working as an adviser to the Justice Committee and spokesman at the Parliament from 1973 to 1978, he was appointed as member of the Constitutional Court in 1978 and remained there as a permanent judge-rapporteur until the end of 1994. Equipped with the required legal knowledge and expertise he joined the ECJ on 19 January 1995. On 7 October 2006 he was elected president of the first chamber at the ECJ.

Juhász, Endre (Hungary)

Mr Juhász graduated in law from the József Attila University of Arts and Sciences in Szeged, Hungary in 1967. He passed the Hungarian Bar entrance examinations in 1970 and completed his post-graduate studies in comparative law at the University of Strasbourg, France in 1972. In 1966 he joined the Ministry of Foreign Trade, first as an official in the legal department and in 1973 as a director for legislative matters. From 1974 to 1979 he was first commercial secretary at the Hungarian Embassy, Brussels, responsible for European Community issues. From the end of 1979 he was head of the department in charge of relations with advanced capitalist countries at the Ministry of Foreign Trade, while between 1983 and 1989 he was head of the trade subsection of the Hungarian embassy in Washington. From 1989 to 1991 he worked as director general of the Ministry of Trade and Ministry of International Economic Relations, and the following year was made chief negotiator for the association agreement between Hungary and the European Communities and their member states. He later became secretary general of the Ministry of International Economic Relations, Head of the Office of European Affairs (1992), state secretary at the Ministry of International Economic Relations from 1993 to 1994, and state secretary and president of the office of European affairs at the Ministry of Industry and Trade in 1994. In 1995 he was appointed ambassador of the Republic of Hungary to the European Union. As ambassador he was chief negotiator for the Hungarians from the beginning of the EU accession negotiations in 1998 until the final agreement in 2002. In May 2003 he became minister without portfolio in charge of the co-ordination of matters relating to European integration and a year later was appointed as the Hungarian judge at the ECJ.

Klucka, Ján (Slovakia)

A former judge at the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic Mr Klucka was nominated as judge at the ECJ in May 2004. He obtained his Doctor of Law from the University of Bratislava in 1974, and has been professor of international law at Kosice University since 1975. In 1993 he was appointed judge at the Constitutional Court, and the following year became a member of the permanent court of arbitration at The Hague and at the Venice commission. In 2002 he became chairman of the Slovakian association of international law.

Kokott, Juliane (Germany)

Ms Kokott completed her legal studies at the Universities of Bonn in 1982 and Geneva in 1979. A Fulbright scholar in the US she obtained her LLM from the American University, Washington DC in 1983. She holds a Doctor of Laws from Heidelberg University, (1985) and from Harvard University (1990). She embarked on an academic career in 1991 as visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Subsequently, she became a professor of German and foreign public law, international law and European law at the Universities of Augsburg in 1992, Heidelberg in 1993 and Düsseldorf in 1994. In March 1995 she was appointed as deputy judge for the Federal Government at the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. In 1996 she was appointed as a member of the Federal Government’s Advisory Council on Global Change in which she was later promoted to deputy chair. In 1999 Ms Kokott became professor of international law, international business law and European law at the University of St Gallen, and in the following two years became director of the Institute for European and international business law at the University of St Gallen, and deputy director of the master of business law programme at the University of St Gallen. Ms Kokott became an advocate-general at the ECJ on 7 October 2003.

Kuris, Pranas (Lithuania)

Mr Kuris was the first representative of Lithuania in the European Court of Human Rights and has been at the ECJ since 11 May 2004. He graduated in law from the University of Vilnius in 1961, obtained a doctorate in legal science from the University of Moscow in 1965 and another doctorate in legal science from the University of Moscow in 1973. From 1967 to 1968 he was research assistant at the Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales at the University of Paris. He became a member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in 1996 and in 2001 became an honorary doctor of law at the University of Lithuania. Mr Kuris remained at the University of Vilnius for almost 30 years (1961-1990) and had a wide range of important posts and various teaching and administrative duties as a lecturer, assistant professor, professor of public international law and dean of the faculty of law. In addition he held several prestigious governmental posts in the Lithuanian diplomatic service and Ministry of Justice. He was Minister for Justice from 1990 to 1991, member of the state council in 1991, and ambassador of the Republic of Lithuania to Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands from 1992 to 1994. In June 1994 Mr Kuris was appointed a judge at the (former) European Court of Human Rights. He remained in that post until November 1998. From December 1994 to October 1998 he was judge and subsequently president at the Supreme Court of Lithuania. In November 1998 he became judge at the then newly instituted European Court of Human Rights. Mr Kuris has participated in several international conferences and is the author of almost 200 legal publications. Mr Kuris was a member of the delegation of the Republic of Lithuania to negotiations with the USSR from 1990 to 1992.

Lenaerts, Koen (Belgium)

Mr Lenaerts has been a professor of European law at the University of Leuven since 1983 and a judge at the ECJ since 7 October 2003. On 7 October 2006 he was elected president of the fourth chamber. Mr Lenaerts entered the European Institutions on 25 September 1989, when he was appointed as judge at the Court of First Instance. Mr Lenaerts holds a PhD in law from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (1982) and Master of Laws (1978) and a Masters in Public Administration (1979) from Harvard University. In 1979 he became lecturer at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and subsequently a professor of European Law in 1983. From 1984 to 1985 he was appointed as legal secretary at the ECJ. From 1984 to 1989 he worked as a professor at the College of Europe, Bruges. Mr Lenaerts was a member of the Brussels Bar between 1986 and 1989 and a visiting professor at Harvard Law School in 1989. He is a member of the Academia Europaea, and speaks fluent Dutch, French, English, German and Spanish.

Levits, Egils (Latvia)

A former deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Justice and judge of the European Court of Human Rights, Mr Levits was a well-known personality when he was appointed judge at the ECJ on 11 May 2004. He graduated in law and political science from the University of Hamburg, on completion of his studies he worked as a research assistant at the faculty of law at the University of Kiel and as an advisor to the Latvian Parliament on questions of international law, constitutional law and legislative reform. From 1992 to 1993 he served as Latvian ambassador to Germany and Switzerland and from 1994 to 1995 as the ambassador to Austria, Switzerland and Hungary. From 1993 to 1994 he was deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Justice and acting Minister for Foreign Affairs. Since 1997 he has been conciliator at the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration within the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and he has been a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration since
2001. He was elected as a judge to the European Court of Human Rights in 1995 and re-elected in 1998 and 2001. Mr Levits is the author of numerous publications in the sphere of constitutional and administrative law, law reform and European Community law.

Lindh, Pernilla (Sweden)

One of the two female judges and three female advocates-general of the 34 members of the ECJ, Ms Lindh graduated from the University of Lund in 1971. On completion of her studies she was appointed a junior judge at the Trollhättan District Court and then moved in 1974 to the Svea Court of Appeal to work as an assistant judge for another year. In 1975 she was appointed judge at the Stockholm District Court (covering criminal and civil cases). From 1975 to 1978 she worked at the Svea Court of Appeal as a legal assistant to the President of the Court (covering legal and administrative matters). From 1979 to 1980 she joined the office of the Chancellor of Justice, handling private claims for compensation arising from the alleged incorrect exercise of public authority by state authorities – producing reports on the same – and from 1980 to 1981 she was an associate judge at the Svea Court of Appeal. In 1981 she became legal advisor at the Ministry of Commerce and from 1982 to 1995 she was legal adviser and director general at the legal service of the trade department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She was appointed a judge at the Court of First Instance on 18 January 1995 and joined the ECJ on 7 October 2006.

 

Lõhmus, Uno (Estonia)

A former judge at the European Court of Human Rights, Mr Lõhmus has been a judge at the ECJ since May 2004 and visiting professor of the University of Tartu since 2000. He obtained his Doctor of Laws from the University of Leningrad in 1986. After beginning his career in private practice, Mr Lõhmus became a judge at the European Court of Human Rights in 1994. After four years in that post he returned to Estonia and became chief justice of the Supreme Court of Estonia for a six-year period from November 1998 to April 2004. Whilst working in Estonia he held numerous judicial positions including being a member of the committee for legal expertise in the constitution, a consultant to the working group drafting the criminal code and a member of the working group for the drafting of the Criminal Procedure Code. Mr Lõhmus was appointed judge at the ECJ on 11 May 2004. He is the author of several works on human rights and constitutional law and speaks Estonian, English and Russian.

Makarczyk, Jerzy (Poland)

Mr Jerzy Makarczyk, a former deputy Foreign Minister of Poland and former judge at the European Court of Human Rights, has been a judge at the ECJ since 11 May 2004. He has given lectures, seminars and acted as a consultant to universities in Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. He is the author of several works on public international law, European Community law and human rights law and a member of several societies in the fields of international law, European law and human rights law. He obtained his Doctor of Laws in 1966. In 1974 he became professor of public international law, in 1985 senior visiting fellow at the University of Oxford and in 1988 professor at the International Christian University, Tokyo. Within his own country he was entrusted with senior cabinet positions, serving as under-secretary of state, then secretary of state for foreign affairs from 1989 to 1992 and chairman of the Polish delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations. He led the negotiations with the former Soviet Union on the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Polish territory. He also headed the team which argued for Poland to be admitted to the Council on Europe. In 1992 he was made judge at the European Court of Human Rights, where he had worked for ten years. In 2003 he became president of the Institut de Droit International. From 2002 to 2004 he held the position of the advisor to the President of the Republic of Poland on foreign policy and human rights.

Malenovský, Jirí (Czech Republic)

A former judge at the Czech Constitutional Court Mr Malenovský became a judge at the ECJ in 2005. He obtained his Doctor of Law from Charles University in Prague in 1975, became vice dean at Masaryk University in Brno in 1989, head of the department of international and European law in 1992 and professor of public international law in 2002. In 1992 he was appointed as judge at the Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia and from 1993 to 1998 he worked as a permanent representative of the Czech Republic in the Council of Europe in Strasbourg. In 1995 he was assigned as president of the committee of ministers’ deputies of the Council of Europe. From 1998 to 2000 he held the post of senior director at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and from 1999 to 2001 he was elected president of the Czech and Slovak branch of the International Law Association. From 1998 to 2000 he was a member of the Legislative Council and in 2000 he became member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. In 2000 he was appointed as a judge at the constitutional court, and after four years in that post he moved to his current position as a judge at the ECJ.

Mazák, Ján (Slovakia)

After the accession of Slovakia to the European Union in 2004 Mr Mazák – a former deputy Minister for Justice and President of the Slovakian Constitutional Court – joined the ECJ on 7 October 2006 as an advocate-general. He qualified from the Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Košice with a Doctor of Laws in 1978. There he became professor of civil law in 1994, and of Community law in 2004. In the same year he was elected head of the Community Law Institute at the faculty of law, Košice. Mr Mazák was appointed as a judge at the Krajský súd (Regional Court), Košice in 1980. In 1982 he was elected vice-president and in 1990 president of the Mestský súd (City Court), Košice. A member of the Slovak Bar in 1991, he worked as a legal adviser at the Constitutional Court from 1993 to 1998. From 1998 to 2000 he worked as deputy Minister for Justice and from 2000 to 2006 he held the prestigious post of the president of the Constitutional Court. In 2004 he also became a member of the Venice Commission.

Mengozzi, Paolo (Italy)

The professor of international law and holder of the Jean Monnet Chair of European Community law at the University of Bologna, Mr Mengozzi is also a visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University’s Bologna Center, and has worked as visiting professor at the Universities of St Johns, New York (1986), the School of Law of Georgetown University (1990 and 1992), the Faculté de Droit et Sciences Politiques de l’Université de Paris II (1993), Georgia University Law School, Athens (1995) and the Institut Universitaire International, Luxembourg (1994). He was co-ordinator of the European business law Pallas programme of the University of Nijmegen, and a member of the consultative committee of the EC Commission on Public Procurement. An under-Secretary of State for Trade and Industry during the Italian tenure of the Presidency of the Council, Mr Mengozzi was a member of the working group of the European Community on the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and director of the 1997 session of The Hague Academy of International Law’s research centre devoted to the WTO. On 4 March 1998 he was appointed as a judge at the Court of First Instance and moved to his present position on 4 May 2006 as an advocate-general at the ECJ.

Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro, Luís (Portugal)

Mr Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro has been an advocate-general at the ECJ since 7 October 2003. Having qualified from the University of Lisbon in 1990 with a degree in law, he then became assistant lecturer at the European University Institute. He obtained his Doctor of Laws from the European University Institute, Florence in 1996. Mr Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro has held a variety of academic positions as a visiting professor at the London School of Economics, the College of Europe, Natolin, the Ortega y Gasset Institute, Madrid, the Catholic University, Portugal and the Institute of European Studies, Macao. In addition, he was professor at the Universidade Nova, Lisbon in 1997 and a Fulbright visiting research fellow at Harvard University in 1998. His other academic positions include being co-director of the Academy of International Trade Law, co-editor (Hart Series on European Law and Integration, European Law Journal) and a member of the editorial board of several law journals.

Narciso da Cunha Rodrigues, José (Portugal)

Mr Narciso da Cunha Rodrigues graduated in 1963 from the University of Coimbra law faculty. He entered the judiciary in 1964 and held a wide range of posts – as an agent of the attorney of the Republic, a judge, an assistant to the attorney of the Republic, and deputy solicitor-general. In 1977, 1978 and 1982 he was charged by the government to carry out and co-ordinate studies on the reform of the judicial system. From 1980 to 1984 he was appointed as government agent to the European Human Rights Commission and the European Court of Human Rights. At the same time he was an expert on the human rights steering committee of the Council of Europe. He was also a member of the review commission for the criminal code and the code of criminal procedure, an attorney-general from 1984 to 2000 and member of the Supervisory Committee of the European Union Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) from 1999 to 2000. By common accord by the governments of the member states Mr Narciso da Cunha Rodrigues was appointed a judge at the ECJ on 7 October 2000.

Ó Caoimh, Aindrias (Ireland)

The son of a former ECJ judge, Mr Aindrias Ó Caoimh was an Irish High Court Judge from 1999 until his appointment to the ECJ on 13 October 2004. He obtained his bachelor in civil law from University College, Dublin, in 1971. A barrister at King’s Inns in 1972, he earned a diploma in European law from University College, Dublin in 1977. From 1972 to 1999 he was a barrister at the Irish Bar, serving as a senior counsel from 1994 to 1999. He represented the Irish government on many occasions before the ECJ before being appointed as a judge at the Irish High Court in 1999. Mr Ó Caoimh has lectured in European Law, and is vice-president of the Irish Society of European Law and a member of the International Law Association (Irish Branch).

Rosas, Allan (Finland)

Mr Rosas qualified from the University of Turku, Finland with a Doctor of Laws in 1977. From 1978 to 1981 he worked as a professor of Law at the University of Turku and from 1981 to 1995 at the Åbo Akademi University (Turku/Åbo). From 1985 to 1995 he was director of the latter’s Institute for Human Rights. Mr Rosas has held various international and national academic positions of responsibility. He has coordinated several international and national research projects and programmes in the fields of EU law, international law, humanitarian and human rights law, constitutional law and comparative public administration. He represented the Finnish government as a member of, or adviser to, Finnish delegations at various international conferences and meetings. In addition, he has held special positions in relation to Finnish legal life, including serving on governmental law commissions and committees of the Finnish Parliament, as well as the UN, UNESCO, OSCE (CSCE) and the Council of Europe. Mr Rosas embarked on his institutional career in 1995 when he became principal legal adviser at the Legal Service of the European Commission, in charge of external relations. He was also responsible for coordinating the Commission’s participation in international and national litigation in the field of external relations, including the ECJ and the Court of First Instance (Luxembourg) and WTO panels and the Appellate Body (Geneva); acting as an agent of the Commission in selected cases before the Luxembourg Courts, the WTO dispute settlement bodies, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the European Court of Human Rights. In March 2001 he was made deputy director-general (A 1) of the Legal Service. On 17 January 2002 he was appointed as judge at the ECJ. From 2004 to 2006 he was elected president of the third chamber of the Court and again re-elected in 2006 and in that capacity he is permanent member of the Grand Chamber of the Court. Mr Rosas speaks Swedish, Finnish, English, Danish, Norwegian and German fluently and has produced close to 300 publications (in English, Finnish, Swedish, French, German and Spanish), including more than 30 books.

Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, Dámaso (Spain)

An academic with a wide breadth of jurisdictional legal knowledge and experience, Mr Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer was appointed advocate-general at the ECJ on 1 January 1995 and re-appointed on 27 May 1997. He obtained his legal degree from the Univesidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) in 1971 and a Doctorate in Law in 1976, where he assisted Professor García de Enterría in the teaching of administrative law over subsequent academic years. In 1982 he was appointed professor of criminal law at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and in 1983 at the Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, where he lectured until 1987. In 1990 he became judge at the Consejo General del Poder Judicial (General Council of the Judiciary) and in July 1988 he was entrusted with the position of head of the private office of the president. On 20 November 1992, by agreement with the Council of Ministers, he was appointed ad hoc judge to the European Court of Human Rights for the Ruiz-Mateos case. Since 1996 he has been judge at the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court), with special status for the duration of his duties as advocate-general at the ECJ. Since October 2000 Mr Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer has been First Advocate-General at the ECJ.

Schiemann, Konrad Hermann Theodor (United Kingdom)

Mr Schiemann qualified from Cambridge University with an MA in law in 1961 and an LLB in 1962. Before embarking on his institutional career, Mr Schiemann had a long and successful career in private practice and a wide range of prestigious judicial appointments. A barrister in London from 1962 to 1986 – focusing primarily in the area of administrative and commercial law including cases with an EC law element – he subsequently worked as a junior counsel to the Crown, regularly representing the government in judicial review cases from 1978 to 1980. From 1980 to 1986 he was Queen’s Counsel and was then appointed as a justice of the High Court, Queen’s Bench Division adjudicating as a single judge on a wide range of important civil and administrative litigation including cases which turned on points of EC law. After nine years at that post he was appointed Lord Justice of Appeal (Court of Appeal) with special responsibility for EC law cases. Presiding over one of the three chambers of the Court of Appeal he handled a wide range of civil and administrative work including EC law cases (notably the Factortame case). He was made a bencher from 1985 and treasurer in 2003 of the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, one of the four Inns of Court responsible for barristers’ training and discipline. He was appointed as a judge at the ECJ on 8 January 2004.

 

Schintgen, Romain (Luxembourg)

Mr Schintgen obtained his Docteur en Droit from Université de Paris in 1964. Admitted to the Luxembourg bar in 1964 he joined the Ministry of Labour in 1967. After holding a series of senior positions within the Ministry he was promoted to general administrator of the latter in 1987. Before joining the Court of First Instance in 1989 Mr Schintgen held prestigious posts in several organisations: president of the Economic and Social Council from 1988 to 1989; director of the Société Nationale de Crédit et d’Investissement and of the Société Européenne des Satellites; and as government representative on the European Social Fund Committee, the advisory committee on freedom of movement for workers and the administrative board of the European foundation for the Improvement of living and working conditions. On 25 September 1989 Mr Schintgen was appointed judge at the Court of First Instance and moved to his present position as a judge at the ECJ on 12 July 1996.

Sharpston, Eleanor (United Kingdom)

Ms Sharpston has been an advocate-general at the ECJ since 11 January 2006. She studied economics, languages and law at King’s College, Cambridge from 1973 to 1977. On completion of her studies, she taught and worked as a researcher at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Called to the Bar (Middle Temple) in 1980, she worked as a barrister from 1980 to 1987. She subsequently left private practice and became legal secretary in the chambers of advocate-general (subsequently judge) Sir Gordon Slynn, only to return to private practice in 1990 and remain there until her recruitment to the ECJ. She has held various academic posts, including: lecturer in EC and comparative law (director of European legal studies) at University College, London, from 1990 to 1992; lecturer in the University of Cambridge’s faculty of law from 1992 to 1998, and subsequently affiliated lecturer there from 1998 to 2005. Since 1992 she has been a fellow of King’s College, Cambridge and from 1998 to 2005 senior research fellow at the Centre for European Legal Studies of the University of Cambridge. In 1999 she became Queen’s Counsel and in 2005 a Bencher of the Middle Temple.

Silva de Lapuerta, Rosario (Spain)

Ms Silva de Lapuerta obtained her Bachelor of Laws from Universidad Complutense, Madrid in 1976. On completion of her law degree she was appointed as Abogado del Estado in Malaga from 1978 to 1982. Subsequently and for another two years she was posted as Abogado del Estado at the Legal Service of the Ministry of Transport, Tourism and Communication and from 1984 to 1989 at the Legal Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1989 she became head Abogado del Estado of the state legal service for cases before the ECJ and deputy director-general of the Community and International Legal Assistance department (Ministry of Justice). Ms Silva de Lapuerta has also been a member of various committees and working parties: a member of the Commission think tank on the future of the Community judicial system; the head of the Spanish delegation in the ‘Friends of the Presidency’ group with regard to the reform of the Community judicial system in the Treaty of Nice; head of the Council ad hoc working party on the ECJ, and member of the Spanish delegation in various United Nations Committees on securities and international public procurement. Aside from her successful legal career she also pursued an academic career. A Professor of Community law at the Diplomatic School, Madrid and co-director of the journal Noticias de la Unión Europea, since its foundation in 1985, Ms Silva de Lapuerta has given Community law courses at the Carlos III University, the University of San Pablo-CEU, ICADE, the National Institute of Public Administration (INAP) and the Women’s Institute and has been lecturer on Community law issues at a number of faculties and institutions. On 7 October 2003 she was appointed a judge at the ECJ.
Skouris, Vassilios (Greece)
With an academic legal background and strong political experience President Skouris has had a career in the ECJ since 8 June 1999 when he was first appointed as a judge. On 7 October 2003 he was elected as the President of the ECJ and re-elected on 9 October 2006 for a term of three years. His career has been wholly devoted to national and European public policy issues both from an academic and political perspective. He graduated in law from the Free University, Berlin, in 1970 and continued with his postgraduate studies at Hamburg University, where he was awarded a doctorate in constitutional and administrative law in 1973 and held the position of assistant professor from 1972 to 1977. In 1978 he was offered the position of professor of public law at Bielefeld University and in 1982 he became professor of public law at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. President Skouris served as Minister for the Interior in the Ioannis Grivas government in Greece elected in 1989 and for the Kostas Simitis elected in 1996. For the period from 1983 to 1987 he was member of the administrative board of the University of Crete. From 1997 to 2005 he held the prestigious post of director of the Centre of International and European Economic Law, succeeding professor Krateros Ioannou, preceding director of the Centre of International and European Economic Law and judge of the ECJ from 1997 to 1999. President Skouris was entrusted with a wide range of important posts before embarking on his career in the ECJ: he was president of the Greek association for European Law from 1992 to 1994; member of the Greek national research committee from 1993 to 1995; member of the higher selection board for Greek civil servants from 1994 to 1996; member of the administrative board of the Greek national judges’ college from 1995 to 1996; member of the scientific committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1997 to 1999 and president of the Greek economic and social council in 1998. Since 1995 he has been a member of the academic council of the Academy of European Law, Trier. A renowned academic, he was appointed by common accord by the governments of the member states as a Greek judge of the ECJ in 1999 and elected as president by his fellow judges in 2003 and 2006. President Skouris has published monographs, textbooks and a large number of academic studies on the subjects of administrative, constitutional and European community law in Greek, German, French and English and has taught and lectured at universities in Germany, France, Italy and Austria.

Timmermans, Christiaan Willem Anton (Netherlands)

Mr Timmermans obtained his degree in law in 1966 and his Doctor of Laws in 1973 from the University of Leiden. On completion of his preliminary legal studies in 1966 he immediately started his work in the European institutions. He was first appointed as a legal secretary at the ECJ until 1969 and then moved to the European Commission, where he worked as an official until 1977. After 11 years within the institutions he decided to take some time in academia. In 1979 he left the European Commission and became a professor of European law at the University of Groningen, where he stayed until 1989. From 1983 to 1985 he was chairman of the TMC Asser Institute’s committee on European law. In 1988 he was entrusted with the post of deputy justice at the Arnhem Court of Appeal, before returning the following year to the European Institutions. He was posted as deputy director-general at the Legal Service of the European Commission and moved to his current position as judge at the ECJ in 7 October 2000. Since 7 October 2006 he has been president of the second chamber at the ECJ. Mr Timmermans is also a Professor of European Law at the University of Amsterdam.

Tizzano, Antonio (Italy)

A former advocate-general at the ECJ from 7 October 2000 to 3 May 2006, and Professor of European Law and Director of the Institute of International and European Law at the University of Rome, Mr Tizzano has been judge at the ECJ since 4 May 2006. From 1984 to 1992 he was appointed as legal counsel to Italy’s Permanent Representation to the European Communities. In 1999 he was recruited as a member of the independent group of experts appointed to examine the finances of the European Commission. He was also a member of the Bar at the Court of Cassation and other higher courts and a member of the Italian delegation to international negotiations and at intergovernmental conferences including those on the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty. Mr Tizzano has had various teaching assignments at Italian universities and held various editorial positions.

Toader, Camelia (Romania)

Ms Toader has been judge at the ECJ since 12 January 2007. She previously served as judge at the Court of First Instance and at the High Court of Cassation and Justice in Romania. She also held the post of head of the European Integration Unit at the Ministry of Justice. Ms Toader obtained her degree in law in 1986 and a doctorate in law in 1997 from the University of Bucharest. After completing her studies she worked as a trainee judge at the Court of First Instance, Buftea for a period of two years (1986-1988) and was then promoted to the position of a judge at the Court of First Instance, Sector 5, Bucharest for another four-year term (1988-1992). Between 1992 and 2004 she carried out doctoral studies and research at the Max Planck Institute for International Private Law, Hamburg. From 1997 to 1999 she was head of the European integration unit at the Ministry of Justice, after which she was made judge at the High Court of Cassation and Justice, where she remained until 2006. Her experience includes work as a professor at several European universities: she was lecturer in civil law and European contract law from 1992 to 2005 at the University of Bucharest, where she served as professor from 2005 to 2006. She was also a visiting professor at the Vienna University of Economics in 2000 and taught Community law at the National Institute for Magistrates in 2003 and from 2005 to 2006. She is a member of the editorial boards of several legal journals.

Trstenjak, Verica (Slovenia)

Ms Trstenjak passed her judicial service examination in 1987, and obtained her Doctor of Laws from the University of Ljubljana in 1995. A professor of theory of law and the state (jurisprudence) and of private law since 1996, she completed postgraduate study at the University of Zurich, the institute of comparative law of the University of Vienna, the Max Planck Institute for Private International Law in Hamburg and the Free University of Amsterdam. In addition she was visiting professor at the Universities of Vienna and Freiburg (Germany) and at the Bucerius School of Law in Hamburg. From 1994 to 1996 she was head of the legal service and from 1996 to 2000 state secretary in the Ministry of Science and Technology. In 2000 she became secretary-general of the Slovenian government. Since 2003 she has been a member of the study group on a European Civil Code. A member of the editorial boards of a number of legal periodicals, her publications include more than 100 legal articles and several books on European and private law. Ms Trstenjak is secretary-general of the association of Slovene lawyers and a member of a number of lawyers’ associations, including the Gesellschaft für Rechtsvergleichung. She was awarded the ‘Lawyer of the Year 2003’ prize by the association of Slovene lawyers. Ms Trstenjak embarked on her institutional career in July 2004 when she was appointed as a judge at the Court of First Instance. Under the system of rotation of advocates-general by alphabetical order of the member states, Ms Trstenjak was appointed in place of Ms Christine Stix-Hackl on 7 October 2006.

von Danwitz, Thomas (Germany)

Mr von Danwitz studied at Bonn, Geneva and Paris. He passed the state examinations in law in 1986 and in 1992. He obtained his Doctor of Laws from the University of Bonn in 1988 and an international diploma in public administration from École Nationale d’Administration in 1990. His experience includes work as a professor of German public law and European law from 1996 to 2003, Dean of the Faculty of Law at the Ruhr University, Bochum from 2000 to 2001, professor of German public law and European law at the University of Cologne from 2003 to 2006, director of the Institute of Public Law and Administrative Science in 2006; visiting professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 2000, and at François Rabelais University, Tours from 2001 to 2006 and the University of Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne from 2005 to 2006. He was appointed judge at the ECJ on 7 October 2006.

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Référendaires of the CFI and ECJ

Abbott, Henry Michael

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Aindrias Ó Caoimh – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Adrien, Jean-Michel

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Alemanno, Alberto

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Mr Alemanno is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Enzo Moavero Milanesi in the CFI. Mr Alemanno holds a degree in law, an LLM from Harvard, an LLM from the College of Europe, Bruges, and a PhD from University of Bocconi, in Milan. In 2001, before joining the institutions he worked for a year as a teaching assistant at the College of Europe, Bruges. He joined the CFI in 2005.
Selected publications:
Trade in Food – Regulatory & Judicial Approaches in the EC and the WTO, Cameron May, London, 2007; “The Contested Governance of European Food Safety – The Evolution of Food Safety in the EU”, in European Food Safety Regulation: The challenge of Multi-level Governance, (D. Vogel and C. Ansell eds), MIT Press (2006); “La politica europea di sicurezza e difesa (PESD) – Profili storici, istituzionali e normativi”, in La Politica Estera e di Sicurezza Comune (a cura di P. Mariani), Giuffré, 2005; Voce “Aiuti di Stato”, in Dizionario di Diritto Pubblico, (a cura di S. Cassese), Giuffré, 2006; “Le principe de la reconnaissance mutuelle au delà du marché intérieur. Phénomène d’exportation normative ou stratégie de “colonialisme“règlementaire?”, in Revue du droit de l’Union européenne, 2/2006; “À la recherche d’un juste équilibre entre libertés fondamentales et droits fondamentaux dans le marché intérieur – Quelques réflexions à propos des arrêts Schmidberger et Omega”, in Revue du droit de l’Union européenne, 4/04. · “Judicial Enforcement of the WTO Hormones ruling within the European Community: Toward an EC Liability for the non-implementation of WTO Dispute Settlement Decisions”, in Harvard International Law Journal, Volume 45, No. 2 (2004). · “Private Parties and WTO Dispute Settlement System – Who bears the costs of non-compliance and why private parties should not bear them”, in 1 Cornell Law School Working Papers, (2004). · “¿Novedades en la jurisprudencia referente a la base jurídica de las normativas comunitarias?: La sentencia “British American Tobacco”, in Gaceta juridica de la Union europea y de la competencia, Julio-Agosto, 2003, n. 226. · “Gli accordi di reciproco riconoscimento di conformità dei prodotti tra regole OMC ed esperienza europea”, in Rivista del diritto del commercio internazionale, 3-4, 2003. · “Le principe de précaution en droit communautaire: stratégie de gestion des risques ou risque d’atteinte au marché intérieur?”, in Revue du droit de l’Union européenne, 4/2001.

Arnaud, Stéphane

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Arnaud is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Pranas Kuris in the ECJ. From 1997-1999, he obtained his licence in law, maitrise en droit and DEA in law at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences d’Aix Marseilles III. Prior to joining the court, from 1999-2003 Mr Arnaud worked at the university as a documentation researcher in the centre d’études et de recherches internationales et communautaires at d’Aix Marseilles III. In 2003, Mr Arnaud was recruited first as a stagiare then promoted to an assistant in the cabinet of advocate-general Philippe Léger in the ECJ. He also gained institutional experience working for five months in the cabinet for advocate-general Poiares Maduro. In 2004, Mr Arnaud completed an LLM and subsequently a PhD in European community litigation at the Institut Universitaire International, Luxembourg. Since September 2004, Mr Arnaud has been a référendaire at the ECJ.
Selected publications:
Mutations de l’organisation juridctionnelle liées à l’élargissement: entre efficacité et perfectibilité, Epaiscope, 2004/3; European Union enlargement impact on the activities of the European Court of justice, Jurisprudencija, 2005, t. 72(64), pp. 137-150
Aubert, Michel
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jirí Malenovský – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Baillie, Alan

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: United Kingdom
Biographical information:
Mr Baillie is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Eleanor Sharpston in the ECJ. He graduated with an LLB from the University of Edinburgh, received a MCIL from the chartered institute of linguists in London and diplomas in teaching French as a foreign language, general comparative linguistics and comparative linguistics of the Germanic languages from the University of Bordeaux III. Before joining the European institutions, Mr Baillie, a skilled multi-linguist, worked as an administrator with the Chamber of Commerce in Bordeaux. He also worked as a legal translator in Bordeaux at the Court of Appeal. He joined the ECJ in 1989, as a lawyer-linguist. From 1992-1994, he was promoted to a référendaire with Judge Christopher Bellamy in the CFI. From 1994-1998, he worked as a principal lawyer-linguist then as a legal reviser. From 1999-2005, he was a référendaire with advocate-general Francis Jacobs in the ECJ before moving to his current position.

Barbier de la Serre, Éric

Head of Private Office – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Barennes, Marc
Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Barennes is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Virpi Tiili in the CFI. He graduated in 1997, with a maitrise en droit, an LLB equivalent, from Panthéon-Sorbonne University in Paris. The following year he went on to complete a DEA de droit, from the University of Montpellier, France. In 2002, expanding his cultural and jurisdictional knowledge, he moved to Chicago to complete an LLM at Northwestern University and the following year he was admitted to the New York bar. Prior to joining the institutions, he worked for US firm Latham and Watkins Brussels’ office. His first civil service position was as a case handler in DG Competition (2004-2006). He left the Commission to work for the CFI in Judge Virpi Tiili’s cabinet in 2006.
Selected publications:
Co-author with Bertus van Barlingen, “The 2002 Leniency Notice in practice”, DG Competition Newsletter, Fall 2005
Baron, Frédéric
Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Vilenas Vadapalas – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Battista, Jasmin

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Ms Battista is a référendaire (legal secretary) in the cabinet of the President of Chambers, Judge Bo Vesterdorf in the CFI. She graduated in law in 1999 from the University of Rome La Sapienza with a thesis on ‘the Economic and Monetary Union and the Stability Pact’. During her university course she was awarded an Erasmus scholarship to attend the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) where she took courses in international and EC law (1997-1998). From 1999 to 2000 she further qualified in EC law, taking an LLM from the Institut d’Etudes Europèennes at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). She worked as a private practice lawyer for three and a half years before joining the institutions, and was awarded the ‘Leonardo scholarship’ by the University of North London, which enabled her to train at Studio Legale Internazionale Lombardo in London. Before being admitted to the Rome bar in 2003, she completed her legal training at Brussels-based law firms, Tizzano and O’Connor & Company. She advised clients on issues relating to EC law and particularly competition law and telecommunications. In 2001, she joined Coudert Brothers in Brussels as an associate focusing on the same areas of law. She was recruited by the Commission in 2002 as a case-handler and then a member of a coordination unit in the state aid directorate of DG Competition. She was also responsible for state aid related accession negotiations with Bulgaria. She joined the court in 2005 where she is presently working for the President of chamber, Judge Bo Vesterdorf. She deals with proceedings for interim relief, appeals of judgments of the Staff Court and major abuse of dominant position cases. Ms Battista’s mother tongues are Italian and German, however she is also fluent in French, English, Spanish and Portuguese. Since 2007, she has also been teaching EC law at the Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung at Bonn University.
Selected publications:
The Commission opens investigation procedure regarding aid to Polish car producer FSO (ex DAEWOO) in Competition Newsletter Summer 05 (Aug. 2005); Latest Developments in Regional and Horizontal State Aid, in European State Aid Law Quarterly 05. (July 2005); Gli aiuti di Stato, in L’UNIONE EUROPEA Principi – Istituzioni Politiche – Costituzione, Zanichelli, 04. (2004); Sport e concorrenza, in Lo Sport ed il Diritto, Jovene 04 (2004); “Web sites to request “cookie“authority from the user in the European Community?“In “E-commerce law”, Aspen law & business, (August 2002 ); “Telecom Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances”, in International Telecoms Review 2002 Euromoney Yearbooks (Mar. 2002); “Towards a single market for Pension Schemes“in “Complementary social security in the Welfare Reform”, Giuffrè 2000 (Oct. 2000).

Baumé, Tristan

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France and the Netherlands
Biographical information:
Mr Baumé is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Arjen Meij in the CFI. He holds an LLM from the College of Europe, Bruges. He not only attended the college but also taught as an academic assistant for three years there (2002-2005) before joining the court in 2005.
Selected publications:
“Vers une clarification de la répartition des compétences entre l’Union et ses États membres? Une analyse du projet d’articles du Présidium de la Convention”, with D. Hanf, Cahiers de droit européen, 2003; “Decentralisation of EC competition Law Enforcement and General Principles of Community Law”, with J.H.H. Bourgeois, in 30 Years of European Legal Studies at the College of Europe, Liber Professorum 1973-74 – 2003-04, Demaret, Paul / Govaere, Inge / Hanf, Dominik (eds./dir.), 2005; “Competence of the Community to Conclude the New Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgements in Civil and Commercial Matters: Opinion 1/03 of 7 February 2006”, German Law Journal No. 8 (1 August 2006), available on: http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=752; Review of competition cases before Dutch jurisdictions, E-competitions bulletins, available on: http://www.concurrences.com/navigation_bulletin.php3?id_rubrique=21.

Berbel Fernandez, Pablo

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Irena Wiszniewska-Bialecka – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Bernardeau, Ludovic

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Bernardeau is a référendaire in the cabinet of the Belgian Judge Koen Lenaerts. He graduated with an LLM in London, however he has also studied around the world: in Canada, England, Belgium and Italy. Before joining the court he worked in the faculty of law at Poitiers, France for one year. From 1995-1997, he was employed at several international organisations, firstly the WTO and then in 1997 he left Geneva to work for the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) which is an independent inter-governmental organisation responsible for modernising, harmonising, and coordinating private law and more specifically commercial law between states. Between 1998 and 2000 he worked as the head of unit for private and private international law at the Academy of European Law. In 2003, his first EU institutional position was in the chambers of the President of the CFI, the Danish Judge Bo Vesterdorf before he transferred to the ECJ. Mr Bernardeau has contributed and written several publications in the area of private international law, contract law, competition law and taxation.

Bertoli, Giuseppe

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Enzo Moavero Milanesi – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Beynet, Odile
Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Ms Beynet is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Miro Prek in the CFI. She is a law graduate from the University of Paris I, Sorbonne (1995), and went on to complete a postgraduate degree at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Paris (1997). Moving to Brussels in 1998, she completed a masters in European legal studies at the College of Europe, Bruges. She joined the Commission in Septemeber 2000 in DG Employment and Social Affairs where she worked as an administrator for two years. She moved to the Commission’s Legal Service in 2002 where she was a member of the competition legal team until 2006. From 2006 she has been working for the CFI.

Binon, Jean-Marc

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Koen Lenaerts – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Blum, Françoise

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Pernilla Lindh – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Bocquillon, Estelle

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Bohler, Arnaud

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France and Luxembourg
Biographical information:
Mr Bohler is a référendaire in the cabinet of President of Chambers, Judge Marc Jaeger. He attended the University of Strasbourg where he obtained a maitrise in law and DEA (1997-2001). He subsequently went on to complete an LLM at Cambridge University in 2002. Prior to joining the court, he worked as a private practice lawyer at the French law firm Bredin Prat et Associés in Brussels for four months (Dec. 2003-Mar. 2004).
Selected publications:
Chronique de jurisprudence (année 2004), Cahiers de droit européen 2006 n°1/2

Bontinck, Gaëlle

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France and Belgium
Biographical information:
Since June 2004 Ms Bontinck has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Irena Wiszniewska-Bialecka. She holds both a maitrise en droit generale and a DEA in community law from the University of Robert Schuman, Strasbourg. Furthering her legal education with a masters in European Community law from the the College of Europe, Bruges, she subsequently went on to complete an LLM from Harvard law school. Prior to joining the institutions, she worked in the US firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton’s Brussels office, specialising in EU and competition law (1999-2004). During this period, she worked briefly as a trainee at the Commission in DG Internal Market in the unit responsible for public procurement policy (Oct. 1999- Feb. 2000). She re-joined the institutions in 2004, when she took up her current position in the CFI. Selected publications:
“The TRIPs Agreement and the ECJ: A New Dawn? Some Comments About Joined Cases C-300/98 and C-392/98, Parfums Dior and Assco Gerüste.“Jean Monnet Working Paper n° 16/01.

Bouillaguet, Marc

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Bourke, James

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Ireland
Biographical information:
Since 2003, Mr Bourke has been a référendaire in the cabinet of President of Chamber, Judge John Donal Cooke. He possesses three law degrees from three jurisdictions. From 1993 to 1997, he obtained an LLB from Trinity College in Dublin. In 1998, he completed a DEA from the College of Europe, Bruges, before completing an LLM from Harvard law school in 2000. Having completed an American law degree, he practised as an associate at Clifford Chance’s New York’s office and was subsequently admitted to the New York bar in 2001. He left Clifford Chance in 2003 to work for the CFI.

Briet, Karen

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Ms Briet is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jirí Malenovský in the ECJ. She completed an undergraduate degree in law at Bourgogne University, a masters in European law at Bayonne University, France and a postgraduate diploma in European law (DEA) at Jean Moulin University in Lyon, France. Prior to joining the institutions in Brussels, Ms Briet joined one of the big four auditors, Deloitte’s in Luxembourg, as a tax consultant. In 2002, she was recruited to UNESCO in Paris where she was part of the culture of peace coordination unit. As a trainee in this position she contributed to the coordination of the international decade for a culture of peace and non-violence for the children of the world for which UNESCO is the lead agency. In 2002, applying her private practice taxation experience she joined the Commission in DG Taxation and Customs Union, where she worked in the unit responsible for VAT and other turnover taxes.

Brouard-Gallet, Catherine

Référendaire in the cabinet of Jerzy Makarczyk – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Broussy, Emmanuelle
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jean-Claude Bonichot – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Burkic, Alain

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Mihalis Vilaras – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Cadet, Fabien

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Cadet is a référendaire and a reader of judgments in the cabinet of the President of the CFI, Judge Bo Vesterdorf. He is responsible for reviewing the draft judgments of the CFI both on form and substance in the context of possible appeals before the European Court of Justice. He has been educated in both Spain and France, taking a maitrise (masters in law) in private law from the University of Caen, France and University of Granada, Spain (1993), and a Diplôme d’Études Approfondies (DEA) in private law from the University of Tours, France (1994). He continued to specialise in private law, taking a PhD from the University of Toulouse I, France and University of Barcelona, Spain (2001). He has had a long career practising and teaching law. In 1995, he worked as a legal attaché in the French Embassy in Tunisia for one year, where his responsibilities included litigating on behalf of French citizens and companies in relation to real estate issues. He moved into a legal academic career in 1996, becoming a lecturer in international contractual law at the business school of the University of Caen, France, where he continues to lecture to date. From 1998 to 2000, he became a deputy professor at the University of Toulouse I, teaching international private case law as well as contract and civil liability law. He has lectured at the following institutions: the Institut Universitaire Technologique, University of Caen in tax law (2002-2004); the College Orain Bonasso in Caen in private and financial law (2002-2004); and the University of Paris XIII in health institutional law (2003-2004). Before moving to Luxembourg to work for the court, he worked in private practice for two years (2002-2004) at Edet-Blanchard-Houdan in Caen. As a skilled multi-linguist, speaking English, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, in 2004 he joined the court working for two years as a lawyer-linguist in the French division. In April 2006, he was promoted to a référendaire and a reader of judgments in the President’s chamber in the CFI.
Selected publications:
Books “L’ordre public en droit international de la famille (Étude comparée France/Espagne)”, L’Harmattan (Paris, 2005, 378 pages, ISBN: 2-7475-8053-9); “Les transformations méthodologiques de l’ordre public en droit international de la famille”, A.N.R.T, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion (Lille, 2001, 410 pages, ISBN: 2-284-04077-20). Journal Articles “La décision du juge international dans le temps : pour un abandon de la théorie de la pétrification en matière de droit des réfugiés “in Décision et perspective, Cahiers du Centre de Recherche en Sciences Sociales et Management, n°5, May 2006; “Objectiver le subjectif? La mesure de la décision en matière de marques communautaires“in Pour une nouvelle approche de la décision stratégique, Cahiers du Centre de Recherche en Sciences Sociales et Management, n°4, March 2006; “La réforme du droit de la famille espagnol par les lois du 1er et du 8 juillet 2005: entre évolution et révolution”, Droit de la Famille, December 2005; “Les prises de décision dans les disciplines juridiques”, Revue de recherche juridique, Droit prospectif, n°107, 2005-1; “La gestion de l’internationalité par les méthodes communautaires: vers un droit international privé unifié dans l’Union européenne?”, Les Petites-Affiches nº157, 6th of August 2004; “Chronique de droit espagnol”, Droit de la Famille, July-August 2003; “Le PACS et l’ordre public international”, La Gazette du Midi n°7677 of 10th March of 2000); “La question du transsexualisme”, “La Gazette du Midi “n°7664 of 10th December of 1999; Case commentaries Judgment of the Cour de cassation of 18th September of 2002, Droit de la Famille, January 2003; Judgment of the Cour de cassation of 14th January of 1999, “Droit civil: les obligations”, collection Annales du Droit (session 1999), Dalloz Editions Speaker “Le traitement de l’irrationalité décisionnelle en matière d’amendes infligées au titre des comportements anticoncurrentiels prohibés par le droit communautaire”, symposium “L’irrationalité décisionnelle“(14-27th December of 2006, Tozeur); “Objectiver le subjectif? La mesure de la décision en matière de marques communautaires“symposium “Décision : Mesures et Évaluations”, Business School of Bordeaux (17 et 18 mai 2005); “L’influence de la Constitution espagnole sur le droit de la famille, entre pluralismes et monojuridisme”, symposium “25 ans de démocratie en Espagne (1978-2003)”, University of Toulouse I and Toulouse II (27-29th November 2003); “La décision du juge international dans le temps: pour un abandon de la théorie de la pétrification”, symposium “La décision entre son amont et son aval”, University Paris XIII (19-20th March of 2003); “Le traitement des facteurs de complexité en Droit international privé: plaidoyer pour les méthodes communautaires”, symposium “La
complexité, ses formes, ses effets, ses traitements” (19-20th September of 2002, University of Caen).

Callies, Cyrille

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Mihalis Vilaras – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Cardonnel, Pascal

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Pernilla Lindh – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Carlier, Bernard
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Rosario Silva de Lapuerta – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Carpi Badía, José Maria

Référendaire in the cabinet Judge Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas y Fernández – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Charalambous, Christina

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge George Arestis – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Chevalier, Bernard

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Yves Bot – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Christienne, Jean-Philippe

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Christienne is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Alexander Arabadyiev in the ECJ. He completed his undergradueate and post-graduate studies in Paris, where he obtained a bachelor of law from Paris II, a bachelor of history from Paris IV, a master of public law from Paris II, a diploma of advanced studies in public law from Paris II and a diploma of advanced studies in EC law from Paris II. Mr Christienne has seven years’ experience working in the courts as his previous experience in 2000 was working as a judge in the administrative court of Poitiers and as a référendaire (reader of judgments) from 2003-2007 in President Vesterdorf’s cabinet at the Court of First Instance.

Ciccone, Rita

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Maria Eugénia Martins Ribeiro – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Conrad, Johannes

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Jörg Pirrung – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Coulon, Emmanuel

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Coulon is the registrar of the CFI. He completed his legal studies at the University of Pantheon-Assas, Paris. As a well-rounded academic, he also holds a degree in management from the University of Paris Dauphine. He completed a second legal degree at the College of Europe, Bruges. He is admitted to both the Paris and Brussels bars. Prior to joining the court, Mr Coulon worked as a private practice lawyer at Stibbe Simont Monahan Duhot in Brussels. In 1996, Mr Coulon joined the CFI as a référendaire working in the cabinets of President Antonio Saggio (1996-1998) and President Bo Vesterdorf (1998-2002). He was then promoted to the senior position of head of the chambers of the President of the CFI (2003-2005).
Selected publications:
“Le référé devant le juge communautaire”, Lamy Procédures communautaires, éditions Lamy, 2005; “Le nouveau droit communautaire des concentrations: le rôle du juge”, Le nouveau droit communautaire de la concurrence, Bruylant, 2004; Collaboration à la rédaction de l’article de B. Vesterdorf, Président du Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes, “Le relevé d’office devant le juge communautaire”, Mélanges en hommage à Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, Une Communauté de droit, BWV, 2003; Collaboration à la rédaction de l’article de B. Vesterdorf, Président du Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes, “De l’interprétation par le juge communautaire des référés”, Mélanges en hommage à Constantinos N. Kakouris, Problèmes d’interprétation, Sakoulas et Bruylant, 2004; Contribution à la rédaction de la chronique générale de jurisprudence communautaire de la Revue du marché commun (janvier 1997-décembre 1998); “L’indispensable réforme du Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes”, Revue des Affaires Européennes, 1999/3; “Contentieux de la légalité dans le domaine des aides d’État: les récentes évolutions dans l’application des articles 173 et 175 du traité CE”, avec S. Cras, Cahiers de droit européen, 1999, numéros 1-2; “Un revirement jurisprudentiel d’ampleur: l’arrêt Keck et Mithouard”, Revue des Affaires Européennes, 1994/1; “Subsidiarité et sécurité juridique dans les règles communautaires de concurrence”, avec M. Todino, Revue des Affaires Européennes, 1993/4.

D’Alessio, Maria Teresa

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Paolo Mengozzi – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

De Muynck, Yolanda

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Ján Mazàk – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

D’ersu, Denis

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Desneux, Thierry

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Nicholas Forwood – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Dittert, Daniel

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Since 2003, Mr Dittert has been a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general of Judge Juliane Kokott in the ECJ. He completed his legal studies in Munich and Paris and then went on to complete a PhD in law where his thesis was on the exclusive jurisdiction of the EC. Before joining the court, he worked as an administrator at the Commission in DG Competition in the merger task force unit for three years (2000-2003).
Selected publications:
Co-author of EU Competition law – Volume II: Mergers and Acquisitions, “Jurisdiction“part, edited by G. Drauz and C. Jones, published by Claeys & Casteels, 2006; La libre circulation des capitaux. Gazette du Palais (Droit Privé du Patrimoine) n° 1 (2006), 12-17 [in co-authorship with Stefano BONI]; Die Reform des Verfahrens in der neuen EG-Fusionskontrollverordnung. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb (WuW) 2004, 148-161; Commentary on several parts of the EC Merger Regulation (Regulation [EEC] No 4064/89) in : Schröter/Jakob/Mederer, Kommentar zum Europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht. Baden-Baden 2003; Effektiver Rechtsschutz gegen EG-Verordnungen. Europarecht (EuR) 2002, 708-719; Die ausschließlichen Kompetenzen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft im System des EG-Vertrags. Frankfurt 2001.

Domenicucci, Daniele P.

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Since 2005 Mr Domenicucci has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ena Cremona in the CFI. In 1992, he graduated in law with honours from the University of Camerino, Italy. After university, he completed his legal training at the Pescara bar in Italy. After being admitted to the Italian bar in 1999, he practised law specialising in the civil and commercial sectors. Mr Domenicucci has a strong academic record. His first teaching position was as an assistant in EC law at Camerino (1994-1999). During this period (1996), he also gained entry level experience into the courts, doing a stage in the chambers of Judge Giuseppe Federico Mancini at the Court of Justice. On the completion of his stage he returned to teach law at the University of Chieti, Italy. In 1998, he was promoted and became a lecturer in the ‘Jean Monnet’ module in EC law at the University of Camerino, Italy while working as a senior associate with Italian firm Bonnelli Erede Pappalardo’s Brussels office (1999-2005). In 2005, he embarked on a full-time institutional career as a legal secretary in the CFI.

Donnat, Francis

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jean-Claude Bonichot – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Doucet, Isabelle

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Edwards, Vanessa

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: United Kingdom
Biographical information:
Ms Edwards is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Eleanor Sharpston in the ECJ. In 1977, she completed a BA honours in philosophy at University College, London. In 1984, she obtained her LLB at the University of London and went on to complete an LLM at the London School of Economics in 1989. Straight out of law school, she worked as a solicitor for 11 years at Linklaters & Paines in London and Brussels. From 1993-1996, she moved into the institutions working as a lawyer-linguist for the ECJ before being promoted to a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate general Francis Jacobs.In 2005, she moved to the cabinet of advocate-general Eleanor Sharpston where she is currently employed.

Erniquin, Thierry

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Belgium
Biographical information:
Mr Erniquin is a legal secretary (reader of judgments) in the cabinet of Judge Vassilios Skouris in the ECJ. He is a Belgian national who graduated in law in 1985 from the University of Liège. Prior to joining the Commission, he worked as a lawyer under his own name representing public and private clients registered at the bar in Liège for 12 years. He also worked as a legal secretary at the Belgian Cour de Cassation, Brussels, which is the final court of appeal in Belgium.
Selected publications:
“Les référendaires attachés aux juridiction supérieures”, Journal des Tribunaux, 2003, 34; “Analyse du contentieux soumis à la Cour de cassation et considérations sur la régulation de ce contentieux”, Rapport annuel de la Cour de cassation de Belgique, 2003-II, 84; “Compensation for Lost Undeclared Income”, note (contribution) sous Cour de Cassation française, 2e chambre civile, 24 janvier 2002, European Review of Private Law, 2004, 12 (4), 509.

Ernst, Barbara

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Ms Ernst is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jorg Pirrung. She completed her legal studies in Germany and France. From 1990 to 1994, she completed law courses at the Univerisities of Tübingen and Munich in Germany and the University of Rennes, France. In June 1994, she graduated with a degree in public law being awarded a distinction in European community law. Before joining the CFI, in 1997 she worked as a trainee in the judicial service “Rechtsreferendarin“in Munich, Rosenheim and Luxembourg for two years. From 1999 to 2000, after passing her second state law exam she became a judge at the local court in Berlin-Charlottenburg. In July 2000, she worked for a year as a state prosecuter in the Berlin state prosecution service. From 2001 to 2004, she was promoted to the regional court Landgericht in Berlin working as a judge in a special chamber for intellectual and industrial property law and competition law. In October 2004, she became a case handler in DG Competition at the Commission in Brussels for two years before moving to the court to work as a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jorg Pirrung where she is currently employed.

Fernandez Martin, José Maria

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Eleanor Sharpston – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Forsthoff, Ulrich

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Mr Forsthoff is a référendaire in the cabinet of the Belgian Judge Thomas von Danwitz in the ECJ. From 1992-1995 he completed his legal degree at the Freie Universität Berlin. In 2006, he went on to complete a PhD on national and European company and labour law at the Freie Universität in Berlin. Before joining the court, he worked as a teaching assistant in national constitutional law, public international law and European law at the Freie Universität Berlin. From 2002-2004, he was an associate with the reputable international firm Freshfields Bruckaus Deringer working in the corporate litigation department in Berlin. In 2004, he opted for a governmental career, working as a civil servant for the German Ministry of Finance. In this position, one of his main duties included litigating in the ECJ, representing Germany before the court through written observations and/or oral pleadings in over 50 cases, mainly involving tax. Having gained ample experience with the court’s proceedings and workings, it came as no surprise that the ECJ offered him a position as référendaire in 2006.

Fouquet, Thierry

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Fouquet is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Vérica Trstenjak. He obtained a PhD in law. Prior to assisting the Slovenian advocate-general, Mr Fouquet gained experience in the court by working as an administrator in the ECJ’s research and documentation services department. He has written publications on state aid and an article reviewing the European Union’s common market.

Frada de Sousa, Antonio

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Luís Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

François, Emmanuel

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Since April 2004, Mr François has been a référendaire in the cabinet of the Latvian Judge, Egils Levits, in the ECJ. Mr François completed his legal studies in Germany, France and Luxembourg and speaks German, French and English with a basic knowledge of Latvian. In 1999, he graduated with a masters in European law at the University of Rabelais in Tours, France, before going on to complete a German legal qualification, an LLM in European law and a PhD in EC economic law at the Ruhr University of Bochum. In 2003, he moved to Luxembourg where he obtained a masters of European litigation at the Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg with a scholarship. His previous work experience has been gained in a number of private practice firms. In 1999, he interned with the firm Rhones-Poulenc Rorer in the public procurement department. From 2000-2002, he worked as an assistant lawyer in the publishing house of Mendel Verlag specialising in tax and export procedures. For three months during his in-house legal experience, he also worked as an assistant lawyer at the German-French advocates’ office of Adam-Caumeil in Paris. He gained entry into the court through a two-month internship at the ECJ under Advocate-General Stix-Hackll. From 2003, he worked for a year as a legal officer at UBS fund services in Luxembourg before gaining permanent employment as a référendaire.
Freija, Ieva
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Egils Levits – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Galindo Martin, Isabel

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Ottó Czúcz – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Gardette, Jean-Marie
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Franklin Dehousse – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Gavanier, Marie-Béatrice

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Franklin Dehousse – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Gencarelli, Bruno

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Mr Gencarelli is a référendaire in the chambers of the Italian Judge Antonio Tizzano. In 1995, he was educated at the prestigious Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) where he completed a political science degree. From 1997-2002, he completed two law degrees in different countries to obtain a comprehensive multi-jurisdictional legal education: first a degree from Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne and secondly an LLM at the New York University school of law. For three years he worked as a private practice lawyer for Hunton & Williams (1997-2001) in Brussels before embarking on an institutional career. He joined the Commission in 2002 where he worked as an administrator for two years in DG Competition before joining the court. In addition to being a référendaire, since 2005, he has been a lecturer in EC competition law at Sciences Po.

Gil Ibanez, José Luis

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Gilliams, Tom

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Belgium
Biographical information:
Since 2004 Mr Gilliams has been on secondment from the Legal Service of the European Central Bank, he is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Küllike Jürimäe in the CFI. In 1991, he graduated with the Belgium LLM equivalent, ‘licencié en droit’, from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The following year, he moved to Luxembourg where he received a certificate in Luxembourg law at the Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg. Prior to joining the court, Mr Gilliams worked as a lawyer at the Luxembourg bar (1992-1998). In 1998 he was recruited into the institutions as an administrator in the research and documentation division of the European Court of Justice and then in 2001 he was promoted to legal counsel and subsequently senior legal counsel at the institutional law division of the European Central Bank, where he worked until 2004.
Selected publications:
Article in English concerning the liberalisation of the electricity market in Luxembourg in the light of Directive 96/92/EC, published in a special edition of Oil and Gas Law and Taxation Review, a publication of Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1998, p. 123-128; Contribution in Dutch concerning Luxembourgish law to the book edited by Professor TAK of the University of Nijmegen (K.U.N.), Undercover policing in the EU, Intersentia Rechtswetenschappen, Antwerp – Groningen, 2000, p. 523-546; Article in Dutch concerning the Luxembourg law on mutual assistance in criminal matters, Tijdschrift voor Stafrecht, Mys & Breesch, Gent, 2001, p. 113-117; Co-author of article in Dutch concerning interpretative judgments under Belgian Procedural law, Sociaal-rechtelijke kronieken/Chroniques de droit social, Kluwer, Bruxelles-Antwerpen, 2001, p. 169-184.

Godard, Jean Mathias

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Romain Schintgen – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Gori, Gianfranco

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Lars Bay Larsen – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Graff-Svenningsen, Sophie

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Allan Rosas – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Gross, Ivo

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Mr Gross is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Irena Pelikánová in the CFI. His responsibilities include drafting reports and judgments. In addition, he lectures European law at the University of Trier. In 1993, he graduated with a diploma in public administration from the School of Public Administration at Ludwigsburg, Germany and went on to complete his law studies at the Universities of Freiburg and Geneva, where he passed his first and second state exams (1998). In 2003, he earned his PhD at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Before joining the institutions, from 1998 to 1999, Mr Gross worked as a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for foreign and international criminal law in Freiburg. Whilst completing his PhD (2000-2001) he was employed as a research assistant working with professor Juliane Kokott, in the department of international public law, international economic law and European law at the University of St. Gallen. Multi-lingual in French, German, English, Dutch and Spanish, he joined the ECJ as a lawyer-linguist in 2002, after working in the ECJ for two years he moved to the CFI to become a référendaire.
Selected publications:
Das europäische Beihilfenrecht im Wandel: Probleme, Reformen und Perspektiven (European State Aid Law Changing: Problems, Reforms and Prospects), (Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2004); Subventionsrecht und “schädlicher Steuerwettbewerb”: Selektivität von Steuervergünstigungen als gemeinsames Kriterium (Subsidies law and “harmful tax competition”: Selectivity of tax reliefs as a common criterion), Recht der internationalen Wirtschaft 2002, p. 46-55.

Gryllos, Georgios

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Savvas S. Papasavvas – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Harbacevica, Solvita

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Latvia
Biographical information:
Ms Harbacevica is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ingrida Labucka in the CFI. A law graduate from the University of Latvia (1990-1994), she subsequently took an LLM at the Amsterdam School of International Relations (1994-1995), before working as a deputy director and then being promoted to a director of the law approximation unit at the European Integration Bureau in Latvia (1995-2000). In 2000, she changed her career path to work for the government of Latvia in the Ministry of Justice, she was a deputy state secretary for two years. During this period she also lectured on EC law at the Riga Graduate School of Law (1999-2003) before moving to Luxembourg to become a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ingrida Labucka.
Selected publications:
Book Review (to be published), Anneli Albi, EU enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe Common Market Law Review; “Systematic Commentary of the Treaty of Accession of the Central and Eastern European countries, Cyprus and Malta to the European Union“Latvian Country Report University of Dresden 2004; Citizenship and Family on Trial: a Fairly Optimistic Overview of Recent Court Practice with Regard to Free Movement of Persons, Norbert Reich in collaboration with Solvita Harbacevi?a Common Market Law Review, 2003; Access to Justice Country Report: Latvia In: Access to Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Public Interest law initiative, Columbia University, 2003; Book review, A.E. Kellermann, J.W. de Zwaan and J. Czuczai (EDS.), “EU enlargement. The Constitutional Impact at EU and National Level“Common Market Law Review, 2003; Eiropas Savien?bas Ties?bu Ieviešana Latvij? (Implementation of EU Law in Latvia ), I Chapter in Eiropas Savien?bas Ties?bu ?stenošana Latvij? , I. Alehno, ed. Latvijas V?stnesis, 2003; The Stony Road to Brussels : the Many Ways of EA Nationals and Residents into Union Citizenship – and the Many Attempts to Keep Them Out, Norbert Reich and Solvita Harbacevi?a Europarättslig Tidskrift ( Sweden ), Nr. 3 2002; Reviewer of a text-book, Siegbert Gatawis, Edmunds Broks, Zane Bule “Eiropas Ties?bas”, EuroFaculty, R?ga 2002; Latvian Country Report The International Lawyer ( U.S.A. ), Yearly Foreign Law Review Issue, 2002; The Way of Latvia into European Union, Chapter in book Court System Reform of Latvia, 2001; Numerous publications (1996 to present) in Latvian journals and Official Gazette (Latvijas V?stnesis) on EU integration and law approximation.

Haukka, Sari

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Finland
Biographical information:
Ms Haukka is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Virpi Tiili in the CFI. She holds a masters in law from the University of Helsinki (1991), a master of laws (whilst training on the bench in the district court of Helsinki) (1994) and a licentiate of laws from the University of Helsinki (1999). After her first law degree, she worked as an associate at Harri Niinimäki in Helsinki (1990-1991). The following year, she left private practice to work as a researcher at the Institute of International Economic Law and the department of private law at the University of Helsinki. Whilst achieving her second masters of law training on the bench at the district court in Helsinki, she worked as a trainee district judge for a year. She joined the institutions in 1996 as an administrator in DG Administration where she worked for two years, before moving to Luxembourg in 1998, where she has been working as a référendaire in the chambers of Judge Virpi Tiili ever since.
Selected publications:
Yhdentymisen vaikutus Suomen kuluttajahallinnon rakenteisiin, Helsinki 1994, 186 pages. (Impact of Integration on Administrative Structures of Consumer Protection) Articles: Asianajotoiminta ja vertailevan mainonnan kielto EY:n kilpailuoikeudessa, Defensor Legis 4/2001, pages 768 – 776. (Exercise of the legal profession and the ban on comparative advertising in the competition law of the EC); Asianajajien ja tilintarkastajien välisten yhteistyöyritysten kielto – integroituuko rule of reason – periaate EY:n kilpailuoikeuteen, Defensor Legis 3/2002, pages 508 – 516. (Prohibition of multi-disciplinary partnerships between members of the Bar and accountants – will the rule of reason integrate into the competition law of the EC); EY:n tuomioistuimien uusinta kilpailuoikeudellista oikeuskäytäntöä, Yearbook of the Finnish Association of Competition Law, 2005. (Recent competition case-law of the EC Courts); Kartellisakot ja niiden tuomioistuinkontrolli EU:ssa, Defensor Legis 2/2006, pages 257-272 (Fines for cartels and court control
in the EU).

Henze, Thomas

Référendaire in the cabinet of the First Advocate-General, Juliane Kokott – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Ho si fat, Frank

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Enzo Moavero Milanesi – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Huelin, Joaquin
Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Iannone, Celestina

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Camelia Toader – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Iannuccelli, Paolo
Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Mr Iannucelli is a référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the CFI, Judge Bo Vesterdorf. Impressively, Mr Iannucelli has been educated in four countries. In 1995, he followed the Erasmus program for a scholarship year at Panthéon-Assas University in Paris. He completed his juris doctorate in law in 1998 at the University of Pisa before completing another law degree at the Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento S. Anna, Pisa. In May 2000, he moved to Bruges to complete a masters in European law at the College of Bruges. In 2003, he completed yet another legal degree at the reputable University of Michigan’s law school in Ann Arbor. Returning to his home country in 2005, he obtained a PhD in EU and Italian competition law at the University of Perugia (in association with Bocconi University, Milan). Equipped with a strong legal education, Mr Iannuccelli was recruited to work for the well-known Italian international commercial firm, Bonnelli Erede Pappalardo in Brussels, where he practised EU and Italian law with a focus on competition and state aid. From 2003 to 2005, he became an associate at Allen and Overy’s Milan office. He left private practice and joined the CFI in September 2005 to become a référendaire for the President of the CFI where he is currently based.
Selected publications:
La saga RC Auto rimane (per ora) una questione tutta italiana, to be published in Concorrenza e mercato; La Cour botte en touche sur la réparation civile des dommages causés par une infraction aux règles de concurrence, Revue Lamy de la concurrence, 2006, p.67; Il private enforcement del diritto della concorrenza in Italia, ovvero può il diritto della concorrenza servirsi del codice civile?, Rivista delle società, 2006, p.710; I recenti segnali di convergenza tra UE e USA in tema di controllo delle concentrazioni, Concorrenza e mercato, 2003, p.187 ; La legge francese sulla responsabilità da prodotto difettoso, Danno e responsabilità, 1998, 377.

Inghelram, Jan

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Belgium
Biographical information:
Mr Inghelram has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Christiaan Willem Anton Timmermans in the ECJ since 2003. He obtained a Belgian law degree (lic. jur.) from the Katholieke Universitaeit in Leuven, and went on to take an LLM from the University of Virginia’s school of law in the US. In 1987, he worked for a year as a legal consultant in the cabinets of the ministers of the family and social welfare and of education and Brussels affairs in the Flemish government, before moving to private practice. From 1989-1992, he worked for the law office of De Bandt (now Linklaters De Bandt), Van Hecke & Lagae in Brussels. In 1992 he moved to Luxembourg to work in the institutions where he was an administrator and was later promoted to a principal administrator in the legal service department at the European Court of Auditors. Between 2001 and 2003 he worked as a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Mischo at the ECJ.
Selected publications:
Several publications on the European Court of Auditors and EU finance in Die Öffentliche Verwaltung (1999, p. 669); Common Market Law Review (2000, p. 129); Cahiers de droit européen (2001, p. 707) and in EU-/EG-Vertrag Kommentar, Lenz & Borchardt Hrsg. (2003, p. 2106, & 2006, p. 2339 + p. 2451); Court of Justice of the EC in SEW (2005, p. 452, & 2006, p. 323); Il Diritto dell’Unione Europea (2007, p. 183).

Jund, Sarah

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Court of Justice, Judge Vassilios Skouris – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Kaila, Heidi

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Allan Rosas – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Kaleda, Saulius Lukas

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Vilenas Vadapalas – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Kirschbaum, Rita-Marie

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Austria
Biographical information:
Ms Kirschbaum is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Josef Azizi in the CFI. In 1983, she graduated with a masters in law from the University of Münster, Germany. Returning to her home country, she completed a postgraduate degree in international studies (1985), a masters in law (1990) and a doctorate in law (1990) at the University of Vienna. She then worked as a student assistant at the Institute of Administrative law at the University of Münster (1979-1983), before going on to train for the entry to the profession of judge in Hamburg and Mexico city (1985-1988). In 1989, she became a teaching assistant in the institute of employment and social security law at the University of Economics in Vienna. During this year she also started lecturing on private and economic law at the University of Linz, Austria (1989-1998), and on employment and social law at the University of Economics, Vienna (1990-1992). She started focusing on community law in 1992, when she became a legal expert in the Austrian department of external trade relations and European integration’s employment, political and economic division. She worked there for eight years, before beginning work in the courts as a legal secretary, preparing and drafting judgments, orders and opinions for advocate-general Christine Stix-Hackl in the Court of Justice and for Judge Josef Azizi in the CFI. Ms Kirschbaum is a skilled linguist, speaking German, French, English and Spanish fluently.
Korjus, Nina
Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Finland
Biographical information:
Since 2002 Ms Korjus has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Virpi Tiili in the CFI. Graduating with an LLM from the University of Turku, Finland, she also holds a masters in European community law from the College of Europe, Bruges. Having a solid command of French, English and Finnish, she previously worked in the Finnish translation division as a lawyer-linguist at the Court of Justice (2006). However, her first institutional experience came in 1997 as a stagiaire in the cabinet of Judge Virpi Tiipi in the CFI, therefore she had familiarity with the workings of his chambers prior to her joining it as a legal secretary five years later. Between this time she worked as an EU assistant (1998-2000) then as a secretary of legislation (2000-2001), before being promoted to a counselor of legislation (2001-2002) in the law drafting department of the Finnish Ministry of Justice’s European law unit.
Kornevov, Alexandre
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Alexander Arabadjiev – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Kotschy, Bettina

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Peter Jann – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Kraus, Dieter

Head of Private office – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Kremer, Martine

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Luxembourg
Biographical information:
Ms Kremer is a référendaire in the chambers of Judge Romain Schintgen in the ECJ. She is a French lawyer with legal degrees from both her home country, Luxembourg as well as France. From 1993-1994, she completed her maîtrise en droit des affaires at the University of Panthéon-Assas Paris II. From 1994-1995 she went on to complete a DEA in international private and commercial law at the University of Paris I. From 1996, she returned to her home country where she received a certificate in Luxembourg law enabling her to practice in that country. In 2005, she completed a masters in European legal studies at L’Institut Européen d’Administration Publique in Maastricht. From 1996-2000, she worked as a trainee, an assistant and an associate solicitor for Schiltz & Schiltz in Luxembourg before relocating to Brussels as a civil servant. From 2000-2001, she worked as a stagiare at the ECJ, before being promoted to a civil servant in the ECJ’s research and documentation services where her task was to assist the court in the exercise of its jurisdictional function and contribute to the dissemination of Community case-law. In 2002, she worked for the Luxembourg ministry of transport where she was a legal expert in the national committee of civil aviation. From 2003 to 2006, she returned to the ECJ where she was employed as an administrator for the research and documentation service before being promoted to a référendaire.

Kronenberger, Vincent

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Kronenberger is a référendaire in the cabinet of Italian advocate-general Paolo Mengozzi. Mr Kronenberger holds a doctorate in law from the University of Toulouse, France. After his studies he was recruited into the Commission in 1999 where he worked for one year before moving to The Hague to work as a senior researcher in European law, at the T.M.C Asser Institute. From 2000-2003, he was an officer at the EFTA surveillance authority in Brussels. He re-joined the institutions in 2000 when he was employed by the Court of First Instance as a legal secretary for three years before transferring to the ECJ, where he is at present.

Kühn, Werner Miguel

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Vérica Trstenjak – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Lambert, Christian

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jean-Claude Bonichot – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Landwehr, Olivier

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Jörg Pirrung – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Lang, Miriam-Carolina

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Austria
Biographical information:
Ms Lang is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Ján Mazák in the ECJ. In 1998, Ms Lang completed her legal studies at the Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, Brussels. In 2001, she moved to Buenos Aires in Argentina where she did an exchange semester at the Universidad de Buenos Aires’ department of law. Moving back to Brussels in 1998, she completed a three-year law degree (lic. jur.) at Université Catholique de Louvain where she focused on EU and international law. She then completed an LLM on a scholarship at Georgetown University law centre in Washington DC. Prior to joining the court, she worked as an intern at the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (2002) for one year before joining the private practice Belgian firm, Van Bael & Bellis where she was an associate practising in the field of EU and WTO law (2002). She left private practice to work as an institutional lawyer at the court in the chambers of Austrian advocate-general Stix-Hackl in the ECJ (2003-2006).
Selected publications:
Case comment (in French): “L’affaire PNR (‘Passenger Name Records’)”, Law & European Affairs, forthcoming; Contributed to: Van Bael & Bellis, Competition Law of the European Community, 4th edition, 2004, Kluwer Law International.

Lefèvre, Silvère

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Irena Wiszniewska-Bialecka – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Lesauvage, Christopher

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Lesauvage is a référendaire in the chambers of the Polish Judge J. Makarczyk in the ECJ. In 2000, he graduated with an LLM in European studies from the Centre Universitaire de Recherche Européenne et Internationale, at theUniversity Pierre-Mendès, France. In 2001, he completed another LLM, more focused on European litigation at the Institut Universitaire International of Luxembourg. In 2003, he obtained a PhD from the University Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne. From 1996-2000, he was an assistant to advocate Olivier Schnerb in Paris before moving to Luxembourg to join the court. His first position in the court was as a legal secretary to advocate-general Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer at the ECJ before moving to Judge Makarczyk’s cabinet in 2004 where he is at present.
Selected publications:
September 2004: Reflexiones sobre la cooperación judicial en materia civil, in Comentarios a la Constitutición europea, Libro III, p. 1113-1136; June 2003: La mise en œuvre d’un régime d’exécution des titres et décisions judiciaires, in L’aménagement du droit de l’exécution dans l’espace communautaire: bientôt les premiers instruments, sous la direction de Jacques Isnard et jacques Normand, Collection Passerelle, Éditions juridiques et Techniques; November 2002: in Actualidad Administrativa: ¿Existe un derecho a no nacer? Doctrina LIII, nº 41, article de 20 pages.

Lhoest, Olivier

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Konrad Schiemann – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Luszcz, Viktor Stanislaw

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Hungary and Poland
Biographical information:
Mr Luszcz is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ottó Czúcz in the CFI. Graduating in 1999 from the University of Miskolc’s faculty of law he obtained a masters degree in legal studies. Moving to France in 2000, he specialised in European law and completed another masters degree. In 2002, he completed his legal studies at the College of Europe, Bruges, taking a masters degree in European legal studies. Mr Luszcz was recruited to DG Competition’s merger task force where he worked as a trainee for four months (Oct. 2002-Feb.2003). He was then employed full-time in DG Competition in June 2003, where he worked as an auxiliary agent in the unit responsible for distributive trade and other services. Since June 2004, Mr Luszcz has been working for the CFI.
Selected publications:
Industrial Franchise and EC Competition Law (La franchise industrielle et le droit européen de la concurrence), Miskolc University Press (Miskolc, Hungary) June 2002, in French; Leniency applications in cartel cases; Európa 2002 (Budapest), 2002/4, in English; WTO and EC Law Relationships; Hungarian Law, periodical of the Supreme Court, Budapest, March 2003, in Hungarian.

Malferrari, Luigi

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Mr Malferrari is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Nils Wahl in the CFI. He specialises mainly in the competition, trade mark and public procurement sectors. In addition to working in the court, he is a lecturer in EC law at the University of Robert Schuman, Strasbourg, and a lecturer in comparative law at the summer academy of comparative constitutional adjudication at the University of Trento, Italy. Mr Malferrari graduated with a law degree from the University of Bologna in 1995. He completed his postgraduate masters in law at Harvard law school in 1998. He moved to Germany in 2001 to complete a PhD at the University of Heidelberg. Having a strong multi-jurisdictional legal background, he worked firstly as a private practice associate at UK firm Lovells’ Brussels office on the competition, trade and EU law. Choosing an institutional career, he joined the courts, working as a clerk in the ECJ for advocate-general Antonio Tizzano and Judge Antonio La Pergola, and finally as a référendaire in the CFI for Judge Nils Wahl, where he is currently employed.
Selected publications:
Zurückweisung von Vorabentscheidungsersuchen durch den EuGH – Systematisierung der Zulässigkeitsvoraussetzungen und Reformvorschläge zu Art. 234 EG-Vertrag [The rejection of preliminary references by the ECJ – Systematization of the admissibility requirements and reform proposals about Art. 234 CE], Nomos Verlag, p. 298, 2003; La giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia delle Comunità europee in materia fiscale: la limitazione degli effetti nel tempo delle sentenze [The ECJ’s case-law in the fiscal field: limitation of the temporal effects of judgments] (together with Juliane Kokott), Giurisprudenza italiana 2006; Italian antitrust and merger control procedural law, in : Jörg Philippe Terhechte (ed.), Internationales Kartell- und Fusionskontrollverfahrensrecht [International antitrust and merger control procedural law], (together with Christoph Lerche) 2006, 580-604; La tutela del diritto di proprietà secondo il diritto comunitario, Rivista trimestrale di diritto e procedura civile, 2007; Annulment actions by third parties against decisions of the Italian Competition Authority held admissible – Change in the Italian case law: only a positive development or the opening of a Pandora’s box?, European Competition Law Review 2006, 74-81; The functional representation of the individual’s interests before the EC courts: The evolution of the remedies system and the pluralistic deficit in the EC, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 2005, 667-710; (together with Christoph Lerche) Niedergang und Wiederaufleben des Plaumann-Tests: Jüngste Entwicklungen und Zukunftsperspektiven hinsichtlich der Zulässigkeit der Nichtigkeitsklage von Privatpersonen gemäß Art. 230 EG [Decline and resurgence of the Plaumann test: the latest developments and future prospects for the admissibility of annulment actions of private parties under Art. 230 EC], Europäisches Wirtschafts- und Steuerrecht (“EWS”) 2003, 254-264; Rapporto tra giudici nazionali e giurisdizione comunitaria [The relationship between national judges and the EC judiciary], in: G. Di Federico (ed.), Corso di ordinamento giudiziario, 2002, 133-155; Neues zur Kompetenzverteilung zwischen Kommission und nationaler Gerichtsbarkeit auf dem Gebiet des Wettbewerbs und zum Verhältnis zwischen der Nichtigkeitsklage und dem Vorabentscheidungsverfahren – Anmerkung zum Urteil des EuGH in der Rechtssache Masterfoods [New developments regarding the division of competences between the Commission and national judges in the field of competition and regarding the relationship between the annulment action and the preliminary ruling procedure], Europarecht 2001, 605-616; State Liability for Violation of EC Law in Italy: The Reaction of the Corte di Cassazione to Francovich and Future Prospects in Light of its Decision of July 22, 1999, No. 500, Heidelberg Journal of International Law 1999, 809-838; Le statut juridique de l’euro dans la perspective du droit allemand, européen et international [The legal regime of the Euro from the perspective of German, European and international law], Cahiers de droit européen 1998, 509-560.

 

Malvasio, Florence

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Malvasio has been a référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Hubert Legal since 2001. He attended the University of Paris I, Panthéon Sorbonne completing a variety of studies over a 15-year period. He holds a DEA and masters in public law; a DESS in public administration; a degree in history and a diploma in spiritual theology. He is also a polyglot, speaking French, English, Spanish and Polish. He embarked on his institutional legal career in 1992 as a judge of the administrative court, after leaving ENA. From 1992 until 1999 he was a judge at the administrative court in Strasbourg, where he worked first as a rappoteur (1992-1996) and than was promoted to an advocate-general (1996-1999). In September 1999, he worked as an adviser in public law at the directorate of civil affairs of the French ministry of justice.
Selected publications:
Droit communautaire Note sous l’arrêt de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (grande chambre) du 28 juin 2005, Dansk Rørindustri e.a./Commission, affaires jointes C-189/02 P, C-202/02 P, C-205/02 P à C-208/02 P et C-213/02 P – concurrence – lignes directrices de la Commission pour le calcul des amendes – légalité – application rétroactive – principe de protection de la confiance légitime, Revue des affaires européennes – Law & European affairs : n° 3/2005; Note sous l’arrêt de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes du 2 juin 2005, Commission/Italie, C-174/04 – entreprises publiques – privatisation – libre circulation des capitaux – restriction, Revue juridique de l’entreprise publique : n° 625, novembre 2005, p. 414 à 422; Note sous l’arrêt de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (grande chambre) du 7 juin 2005, Vereniging Voor Energie e.a., C-17/03 – marché intérieur de l’électricité – accès privilégié au réseau – services d’intérêt économique général – discrimination, Revue juridique de l’entreprise publique : n° 625, novembre 2005, p. 423 à 437; Chronique de jurisprudence communautaire à la Revue juridique de l’entreprise publique : années 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 et 2005 – années 2000 et 2001 : n° 589, juillet 2002, p. 413 à 443 – année 2002 : nº 600, juillet 2003, p 369 à 398 – année 2003 : n° 611, juillet 2004, p. 313 à 338 – année 2004 : n° 623, juillet 2005, p. 305 à 336 – année 2005 : n° 634, août-septembre 2006, p. 315 à 34; “Les Communautés européennes ne peuvent “externaliser “les fonctions dévolues par les traités “(arrêts du Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes du 5 octobre 2004, Sanders e.a./Commission, T-45/01 et Eagle e.a./Commission, T-144/02), Actualité juridique – Fonctions publiques, mai-juin 2005, p. 117 à 122; Note sous l’arrêt de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes du 3 juillet 2003, Chronopost e.a./Commission, C-83/01 P, C-93/01 P et C-94/01 P, Rec. p. I-6993 – aides d’État – services d’intérêt économique général – critère de l’opérateur privé agissant dans des conditions normales de marché, Revue juridique de l’entreprise publique, nº 602, octobre 2003, p. 501 à 505; Note sous l’arrêt du Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes du 18 septembre 2001, M 6 e.a./Commission, T-112/99, Rec. p. II-2459 – concurrence – télévision à péage – attestation négative – règle de raison, Revue des affaires européennes – Law & European affairs, 2001-2002/6, p. 769 à 774; “Débat sur l’accès des particuliers au prétoire communautaire”, (arrêts du Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes du 3 mai 2002, Jégo-Quéré/Commission, T-177/01 et de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes du 25 juillet 2002, Unión de pequeños agricultores/Conseil, C-50/00 P) Actualité juridique Droit administratif, 30 septembre 2002, p. 867 à 877; Droit interne “Le juge administratif peut-il homologuer une transaction?”, (TA Strasbourg, 28 septembre 1999, Société MS Aménagements/Conseil régional d’Alsace e.a., n° 97-2473) Bulletin juridique des contrats publics, n° 10, mai 2000, p. 165; “L’application des dispositions du décret du 28 novembre 1983 sur l’indication des délais de recours aux contestations des taxes foncières pour travaux connexes au remembrement “, 280, février 2000, p. 105 et s.;°(TA Strasbourg, 8 juin 1999, époux Kissel/Association foncière de Kalhausen, n° 95-3049) Revue de droit rural, n 230, août-septembre 1999, p. 26 et s.;°“Autorisation de programme et crédit de paiement au contentieux – recevabilité” (TA Strasbourg, 26 mai 1999, Syndicat général de l’éducation nationale CFDT du Bas-Rhin/Conseil régional d’Alsace, n° 95-458) Droit administratif, n “L’administration peut, à bon droit, déclarer l’appel d’offres infructueux “, (TA Strasbourg, 4 juin 1998, SARL Gysperger/commune de Wittenheim, n° 93-827) 5/99, p. 28 et s.;°Marchés publics, n “La déductibilité des sommes versées en exécution d’un engagement de caution par un salarié non dirigeant “, 30-35, année 1999 p. 1043 et s.;°(TA Strasbourg, 11 mai 1999, Schneider/DSF du Haut-Rhin, n° 95-1491) Droit Fiscal, n “Le droit à l’inscription au tableau d’avancement”, (TA Strasbourg, 1er décembre 1998, Stoffel/Recteur de l’académie de Nancy-Metz, n°95-459) Actualité juridique – Fonctions publiques, mars-avril 1999, p21 et s.; 36, 25 mars 1998, p. 15 et s.;°“L’exécution des jugements des tribunaux administratifs dans l’impasse”, (TA Strasbourg, 28 octobre 1997, Weinborn/préfet de la région Alsace et ministre de la culture et de la communication, n° 97-1459 et 25 novembre 1997, Balard/Université de Haute-Alsace, n° 96-3048) Les Petites Affiches n “Peut-on refuser le certificat de conformité au motif que des prescriptions concernant l’intérieur du bâtiment n’ont pas été respectées?”, (TA Strasbourg, 16 septembre 1997, SCI du Bâtiment Renaissance/ville de Metz, n°95-1198) Bulletin de jurisprudence de droit de l’urbanisme – BJDU – 3/98, p.185 et s.; “L’exécution du jugement d’annulation d’un arrêté de reconduite à la frontière au regard de l’article L. 8-4 du code des tribunaux administratifs et des cours administratives d’appel”, 80, 4 juillet 1997, p.19 et s.;°(TA Strasbourg, 17 avril 1997, M. et Mme Cilmi Cabdi/préfet de la Moselle, n° 96-2270 et n° 96-2271) Les Petites Affiches, n “Fiscalité des frontaliers – La compatibilité de la convention fiscale franco-allemande avec le traité de Rome “, (TA Strasbourg, 10 octobre 1996, Gilly/DSF du Bas-Rhin – renvoi préjudiciel à la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes) 31, 18 avril 1997, p.1 et s.;°Les Affiches Moniteur d’Alsace et de Lorraine, n “Travaux supplémentaires : devoir de conseil de l’architecte”, (TA Strasbourg, 3 juin 1997, Gaymard/commune de Gueberschwihr, n° 92-2761) Marchés publics, 4/97, p.37 et s.; “Les nouveaux pouvoirs d’injonction du juge administratif”, 18, 10 février 1997, p.4 et s.°Les Petites Affiches, n 14, 18 février 1997, p.1 et s.;°Les Affiches Moniteur d’Alsace et de Lorraine, n “La responsabilité d’un établissement hospitalier pour absence de vérification de la réussite d’une intervention chirurgicale”, 126, 21 octobre 1994, p.22 et s.;°(TA Strasbourg, 21 avril 1994, Mme Mannheim/Hospices civils de Colmar et M. Donnard) Les Petites Affiches, n “La responsabilité de l’Etat du fait des attroupements “, (TA Strasbourg, 30 juillet 1993, Ets Leclerc et SA Cie d’assurances Albingia/préfet de la Moselle, n° 92-3340 et n° 92-3890) 6, 14 janvier 1994, p.17 et s.°Les Petites Affiches

Mas, David

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Yves Bot – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Maselis, Ignace

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Maria Eugénia Martins Ribeiro – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Melesko, Aleksandra

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Konrad Schiemann – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Melesko, Aleksandra

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Latvia
Biographical information:
Ms Melesko is a legal référendaire in the chambers of Judge Konrad Sciemann at the ECJ. In 1995, she completed her undergraduate degree at the University of Latvia. From 2000-2001, she obtained a postgraduate legal degree from the Riga Graduate School of Law. In 2002, having decided to embark on an institutional legal career, she moved to Brussels where she attended the elite College of Europe in Bruges. However, she dabbled in private practice before moving to the ECJ. In 2001, she worked for Lauris Liepa Sworn Attorney’s office in Riga and in 2004 she worked briefly for White & Case at their Brussels office. In 2004, she became a référendaire at the ECJ where she is currently employed.

Mertens de Wilmars, Dimitri

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Arjen Meij – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Messe-Roth, Marie-Laure

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Pranas Küris – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Michel, Franck

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Ján Klucka – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Millett, Timothy Patrick

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: United Kingdom and France
Biographical information:
Mr Millett is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Cunha Rodrigues and Mr Millett also sits as the vice-chairman of the board of appeal of the community plant variety office. Mr Millett specialises in public procurement, staff cases and intellectual property. In 1968, he graduated from the Faculté de Lettres from the University de Rennes, France receiving a Diplôme Supérieur d’Etudes Françaises. From 1969-1972, he received a BA and a masters of arts in French and Spanish from the University of Oxford. From 1973-1975 he attended to the College of Law in London where he completed his legal studies before being called to the bar as a barrister of Gray’s Inn, London. In 1979, he furthered his language studies by completing a foreign language certificate in German. His professional experience outside the European institutions includes working as a visiting professor at the University of Paris X. From 1976-1998, he has had a broad variety of positions as an official of the ECJ. From 1976-1979, he has been a legal translator in English in the language division; a legal researcher in the documentation division (1979-1984); a legal secretary to advocate-general Sir Gordon Slynn (1984-1988); a legal secretary to advocate-general Francis Jacobs (1988-1989); principal administrator in the research and documentation division (1989-1994); legal adviser for administrative affairs (1994-1998); head of division in the legal service of the European Parliament in the division for contracts and financial matters and finally, a référendaire to Judge Cunha Rodrigues.
Selected publications:
“Halsbury’s Laws of England”, Volume 51 “European Communities”, Chapter 2 “The Court of ; “A Comparison of British and French Legislative Drafting (with particular reference to their respective Nationality Laws)“– Statute Law Review, Autumn 1986, p.130; “Rules of Interpretation of EEC Legislation“– Statute Law Review, Winter 1989, p.163 “The Court of First Instance of the European Communities“– book published by Butterworths, April 1990; “The Community System of Plant Variety Rights“– European Law Review, June 1999, p.231; “Staff Cases in the Judicial Architecture of the Future“in “Judicial Review in European Union Law – Liber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley“– Kluwer Law International 2000; “Les marches publics en droit communautaire“– Revue du Marché commun et de l’Union européenne, 2001, p.622; “Community plant variety rights – extent of the information that a holder may claim from a farmer about his use of the agricultural exemption“– European Law Review, February 2004, p.124; “Judicial Control in the EU”, with KPE Lasok QC and A. Howard, book published by Richmond Law and Tax, August 2004.

Mollard, Philippe

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Marko Ilešic – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Montesa Lloreda, Aitor

Référendaire in the cabinet Judge Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas y Fernández – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Moreno Sanchez, Susana

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Daniel Šváby – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Moser, Martin

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Ján Mazàk – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Moustache, Roland

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Muguet-Poullennec, Gwenael
Référendaire in the cabinet Judge Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas y Fernández – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Naome, Caroline

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Allan Rosas – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Natsinas, Ioannis

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Mihalis Vilaras – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Nehl, Peter Hanns

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Josef Azizi – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

O’leary, Siofra

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Aindrias Ó Caoimh – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Papakrivopoulos, Dimosthenis

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Greece
Biographical information:
Mr Papakrivopoulos is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ena Cremona in the CFI. In 1993, he received an LLM and then a DEA in EU community law at the University of Robert Schuman, Strasbourg. Before joining the court, he worked as an associate with private practice firms Hammonds (2002-2003) and Sidley Austin (2003-2004), in both cases within the firms’ Brussels offices. In 2005, he joined the courts working as a référendaire.
Selected publications:
“The Role of Competition Law as an International Trade Remedy in the context of the World Trade Organisation,“World Competition Law and Economics Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, Sept. 1999
Paraschas, Katherina
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Thomas von Danwitz – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Partsch, Thibaut

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Belgium and Switzerland
Biographical information:
Mr Partsch is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Marc Jaeger in the CFI. In 1998, Mr Partsch graduated with a law degree from the University of Liège, Belgium. In 2002, he went abroad to complete an LLM from Harvard law school. He worked from 1998 as an associate for two years for the law firm Tossens, Prioux & Kileste in Brussels. From 2000 to 2001, he worked for Linklaters in Brussels. In 2002, after completing his LLM, he moved to US firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton to work in their New York and Brussels’ offices for two years before joining the court.
Selected publications:
“Le rachat d’actions propres“(Share buybacks), co-author, Kluwer Ed. (April 2001).

Patou, Serge

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Patou is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge John Donal Cooke in the CFI. He has an impressive educational history, having completed degrees in both German and French law. In 1989, he graduated with a diploma in German law (through the Erasmus programme), the following year he received a masters in translation (French, German and English) before completing his second law degree, a masters in French law. In 1995, he went back to school, attending the prestigious Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences-Po) where he graduated with a degree in economics and finance. That same year he joined the US firm Wilkie Farr & Gallagher in Paris to work as an associate lawyer. In 1996, relying on his linguist skills, he was recruited into the European Court of Justice as a lawyer-linguist where he worked for two years. In 1999 he was promoted to assistant to the Registrar of the ECJ. He left the courts in 2002 moving to Brussels to work for DG Competition in the financial services’ unit for two years before returning to Luxembourg to work in the CFI.

Pawlowski, Krzysztof

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ingrida Labucka – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Pecho, Peter

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Slovakia
Biographical information:
Mr Pecho is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ján Klucka in the ECJ. He completed a masters in law in from Strasbourg University in 2003 and in 2004 completed an LLM at the College of Europe, Bruges.
Selected publications:
V.-A. Houppermans – P. Pecho: “Inflation of discontinuations and the powers of the European Commission in the framework of article 226 EC”, in French, Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Européen (2006, n°2); P. Pecho – F. Michel: “Principle of Equality in the Law of the EU and in the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities”, in Slovak , Právny Obzor (2006, n°2); P. Pecho – J. Pogá?ová: “Mission of Advocates in the Framework of the preliminary ruling”, in Slovak, Bulletin of the Slovak Bar Association (2005, n°10/11), Awarded 1st Prize in the 2005 Slovak Bar Association publishing contest.

Penders, Zaïra

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: The Netherlands
Biographical information:
Ms Penders is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ingrida Labucka in the CFI. She graduated from the University of Tilburg, the Netherlands where she completed an LLM in international law and European competition law (1993-1998). She continued her legal studies by correspondence, completing an LLB in information and communication technology management from EXIN Institute, Utrecht. From 1996-1998, whilst completing her second law degree, she was employed as the editor-in-chief of the Tilburg foreign law review. In 1999, pursuing an institutional career, she was recruited as a paralegal in the chambers of Judge Arjen Meij in the CFI. After working as a paralegal for close to two years, in September 2000 she became a press officer for the Court of Justice where she worked for three years. In 2003, she began working as a lawyer-linguist at DG Presidency of the European Parliament. Since June 2004, she has been working in the chambers of Judge Ingrida Labucka in the CFI.

Perez Van Kappel, Antonio

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Petrlik, David

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Czech Republic
Biographical information:
Mr Petrlik is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Jerzy Malenovský in the ECJ. In 2002, he obtained an LLM at the University Západo?eská in Pilsen, the Czech Republic. Desiring to expand his legal jurisdictional knowledge, he then moved to Paris to complete a DEA in community law at the Université Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne. Having mastered a legal degree in a foreign language, he went back to complete a PhD in law at the University Charles in Prague, Czech Republic. His experience prior to joining the court entailed working for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic in the department responsible for community law.
Selected publications:
Retroaktivita právních p?edpis? v komunitárním právu , Prague, Linde, 2005 [Retroactivity of legal acts in Community Law]

Pinto, Arnaldo

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Vilenas Vadapalas – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Placco, Agostino

Référendaire in the cabinet of Advocate-General Paolo Mengozzi – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Prete, Luca

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Mr Prete is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Antonio Tizzano in the ECJ. In 1997, he graduated with a law degree from the University of Bologna. In 2000, he went on to complete an LLM from the College of Europe, Bruges. Before joining the institutions he worked as a private practice lawyer at international firm Clifford Chance’s Rome office (2000) and then moved to Brussels to work as a lawyer at Skadden Arps (2001-2002). His first institutional experience came from 2002 to 2005 when he worked as an administrator at the European Commission’s DG Competition before moving to the court in 2005.
Selected publications:
State aid reform: some reflections on the need to revise the Notice on Guarantees, (2006) World Competition, p. 421-439; Standard of Proof and Scope of Judicial Review in EC Merger Cases: Everything Clear after Tetra Laval?, (2005) European Competition Law Review, p. 692-704; From Magill to IMS: dominant firms’ duty to license competitors, (2004) European Business Law Review, p. 1071-1086; Note to Case C-244/00, Van Doren, Judgment of the Court of Justice (Full Court) of 8 April 2003, (2003) Common Market Law Review, p. 1511-1529

Prevrátil, Jan

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Czech Republic
Biographical information:
Mr Prevrátil is a référendaire in the cabinet Judge Irena Pelikánová in the CFI. Ms Prevrátil completed an LLM at Charles University in Prague. Before joining the court, he worked as paralegal and then trainee solicitor with UK commercial firm Allen & Overy’s Prague office (2002).

Rachet, Jean-Michel

Attaché to the Register – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Raclet, Arnaud

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Irena Pelikánová – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Radley, Matthew J.

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: United Kingdom
Biographical information:
Mr Radley is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Nicholas Forwood in the CFI. He completed his education at Queen’s College, the University of Cambridge (1991-1995) and then moved abroad to France where he attended the University of Poitiers (1993-1994). In 1996 he completed his final year of legal studies at the College of Law in London. Prior to joining the court, he completed his legal training at Linklaters (1997-1999). From 1999, equipped with his linguistic skills he moved to Luxembourg where he joined the cabinet of Judge Christopher Bellamy before moving to the cabinet of Judge Nicholas Forward in 2000 where he works at present.

Rezki, Leila

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Nils Wahl – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Richard de la Tour, Richard

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Pernilla Lindh – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Riechenberg, Kurt

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Rosario Silva de Lapuerta – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Ritleng, Dominique

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Ms Ritleng is a référendaire in the cabinet of the Portuguese Judge Luís Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro. She completed ten years of legal education at the University of Robert Schuman in Strasbourg. She completed a DEA in public law, a DEA in community law, and a doctorate in public and community law (for which she received an honourable mention and was awarded the Pierre-Henri Teitgen prize delivered by CEDECE). In addition to her studies she worked as a teaching assistant (1989-1993) and an assistant professor (1998-2000) at the University of Robert Schuman. In 2001, having gained six years teaching experience, she was offered a position as a professor in public law at the University of Nancy II. During this time, she was a director of the legal and political sciences department in the University of Nancy’s European centre. Since 2004, she returned to her former university (Robert Schuman, Strasbourg) where she became a professor in public law. Ms Ritleng continues to teach law while holding down the position of a full-time référendaire in the ECJ.
Selected publications:
“La réforme de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes, modèle pour une réforme de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme ?”, communication au colloque sur “Quelle réforme de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme ?“organisé à la Faculté de droit de Strasbourg, 21-22 juin 2002, Revue universelle des droits de l’homme 2002, Vol. 14 n° 7-8, p. 288; “L’institutionnalisation du dialogue : perspectives d’avenir pour la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme”, communication au colloque “Le dialogue entre les juges européens et nationaux, incantation ou réalité ?”, organisé par l’Institut Droit et Economie des Dynamiques en Europe, Faculté de droit, économie et administration de l’Université de Metz, 10 février 2003, éditions Bruylant 2004, p. 211; “La fédération d’Etats-nations, avenir de l’Europe ?”, communication au colloque “l’Union européenne en débat : visions d’Europe centrale et orientale “, Nancy 10-11 avril 2003, PUN 2004, p. 230 à 238; “La primauté du droit de l’Union, statu quo ou novation?”, Colloque Sofia 18-19 mars 2005, actes à paraître aux PU Strasbourg Articles Mémoire de DEA de droit public : Le principe d’égalité du suffrage, septembre 1988; Mémoire de DEA de droit communautaire : Le Conseil constitutionnel et le droit communautaire, septembre 1989; Annulation (Recours en), in A. Barav et Ch. Philip (sous la direction de), Dictionnaire juridique des Communautés européennes, PUF 1993, p. 77 à 82; Motivation, in A. Barav et Ch. Philip (sous la direction de), Dictionnaire juridique des Communautés européennes, PUF 1993, p. 693 à 700; Moyens de recours, in A. Barav et Ch. Philip (sous la direction de), Dictionnaire juridique des Communautés européennes, PUF 1993, p. 700 à 720; Commentaire des articles 165, 168 A, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 180 et 184 CE, in V. Constantinesco, R. Kovar et D. Simon (sous la direction de), Traité sur l’Union européenne, Commentaire article par article, éd. Economica 1995, p. 557 à 637; Commentaires de décisions juridictionnelles ou de textes intéressant le droit communautaire, assurés seul ou conjointement avec un autre membre de la rédaction de la revue, publiés dans le cadre de la revue mensuelle Europe. A la date du dernier numéro de la revue Europe publié (n° de février 2006), j’ai ainsi assuré le commentaire de 124 décisions juridictionnelles ou textes normatifs, soit 109 seul et 15 de concert avec un autre membre de la rédaction; Thèse de doctorat de droit public/droit communautaire : Le contrôle de la légalité des actes communautaires par la Cour de justice et le Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes, Strasbourg, janvier 1998, publication en cours; “Le juge communautaire de la légalité et le pouvoir discrétionnaire des institutions communautaires”, AJDA 1999, p. 645; “Le renvoi préjudiciel communautaire, modèle pour une réforme du système de protection de la CEDH ?”, Europe des libertés, n° 7, janvier 2002; “Pour une systématique des contentieux au service d’une protection juridictionnelle effective”, septembre 2002, Mélanges Isaac, Presses universitaires de Toulouse, 2004, p. 735 à 772; “Jurisprudence administrative française intéressant le droit communautaire “(1er janvier – 30 juin 2003), RTDE 2003, p. 661; Commentaire des articles 46 à 53 TUE, in V. Constantinesco, Y. Gautier et D. Simon (sous la direction de), Commentaire des traités d’Amsterdam et de Nice, commentaire article par article, à paraître aux éditions Economica; “Financement du service public et aides d’Etat”, AJDA 2004, p. 1011 à 1021; “Jurisprudence administrative française intéressant le droit communautaire” (1er juillet – 31 décembre 2003), RTDE 2004, p. 333; Note sous CE, Ass. , 3 mars 2004, Assoc. Liberté, Information, Santé, D. 2004, J. , 1257; Chronique de jurisprudence de la CJCE – 2003 (en collaboration avec L. Azoulay et F. Kramer), Annuaire de droit européen, Vol. I , éd. Bruylant 2005; “Le jugement du recours en annulation”, in Lamy Procédures communautaires, 2005; “Les actes de l’Union “(en collaboration avec E. David), in Le Traité établissant une Constitution pour l’Europe, analyses et commentaires (sous la direction de V. Constantinesco, Y. Gautier et V. Michel), PUS 2005, p. 203; “Jurisprudence administrative française intéressant le droit communautaire “(1er janvier – 30 juin 2004), RTDE 2005, p. 687; “Le principe de primauté du droit de l’Union”, RTDE 2005, p. 285 à 303; Chronique de jurisprudence de la CJCE – 2004 (en collaboration avec L. Azoulay et F. Kramer), Annuaire de droit européen, Vol. II, éd. Bruylant 2006, à paraître; Commentaire du Protocole sur le siège des institutions, in Traité établissant une Constitution pour l’Europe, commentaire article par article, à paraître aux éd. E. Bruylant; . “Jurisprudence administrative française intéressant le droit communautaire” (1er juillet – 31 décembre 2004), RTDE 2005, p. 839 à 865; “Jurisprudence administrative française intéressant le droit communautaire” (1er janvier – 30 juin 2005), RTDE 2006.
Robalo Cordeiro, Antonio José
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge José Narciso Da Cunha Rodrigues – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Robinson, Louise

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Nicholas Forwood – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Rodriguez-Ameneiro, Marta

Référendaire in the cabinet for Judge Ena Cremona – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Rofes i Pujol, María Isabel

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Uno Lõhmus – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Ronkes Agerbeek, Félix
Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Luís Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Roques, Christian

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Roques is a référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the CFI, Judge Bo Vesterdorf. He holds a masters in law from Paris XI. He also completed two management programs, the first program focused on finance and law at the European management school in St. Gallen, Switzerland. The second graduate management program he attended was at the HEC school of management in Joy-en-Josas, France. Prior to these postgraduate programs, he studied law and economics at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques in Paris, France. Before joining the institutions, Mr Roques worked as a private practice intern at Wilkie Farr & Gallagher’s Paris office. In 1997, he joined the European institutions, obtaining a position at Eurostat, where he worked as an official in services and trade statistics. In 1997, he moved to Brussels to work in DG Competition as a case-handler responsible for handling abuses of dominant position in the industrial sectors relating principally to raw materials and chemical products, but also dual pricing, vertical restraints and cartel related cases. He was a case handler for eight years, during which period he worked on the Michelin 2001 case and the Needles 2004 case amongst others.
Selected publications:
Glossary of Business Statistics (1997-2000); “Using financial accounts in business statistics “(Voorburg Group); “La réforme des règles communautaires en matière d’accords verticaux et horizontaux” in “L’observateur de Bruxelles”, Barreau de Paris 2000; “Décision Michelin: la Commission condamne l’entreprise Michelin pour un abus de position dominante portant sur des pratiques de rabais fidélisants.” in European Competition Newsletter 2001; “CFI Judgment, Case T-203/01, Manufacture Française des pneumatiques Michelin vs Commission” in ECLR 2004; “Decision Needles: How to find a market sharing agreement in a complex scheme of bilateral agreements” in European Competition Newsletter 2005; “Procter & Gamble/Gillette: The Role of Economic Analysis in Phase I cases” in European Competition Newsletter 2005; “Competitive impact of category management in Europe- Case study” in ECLR 2007- to be published.

Roseren, Pierre

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Hubert Legal – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Rousselot, Magali

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Ms Rousselot is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Daniel Šváby in the CFI. Impressively, she holds legal degrees from five European jurisdictions. In 1995, she graduated with a maitrise en droit from the University of Poitiers, France, before moving to the UK to complete a masters in law at the University of Bristol. In 1997, with the goal of working as an institutional lawyer, she attended the University of Strasbourg where she completed a DESS in European community law from the University of Strasbourg and subsequently an LLM from the College of Europe, Bruges, in 1999. She was admitted to the Paris bar in 2001. Prior to joining the court, she worked for two years as an associate at French law firm Bredin Prat’s Brussels office (2002-2004).

Sanchez Vicente, Jorge

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Rosario Silva de Lapuerta – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Sarrazin, Cyril

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Küllike Jürimäe – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Savin-Bossière, Nina

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Miro Prek – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Sawyer, Katrine

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Anthony Borg Barthet – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Scaramucci, Alain

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Scaramucci is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ján Klucka in the ECJ. He is a legal academic, having completed eight years of legal education in France. In 1989, he graduated with a maitrise in international and European law at the University of Grenoble II. In 1989, he moved to Paris to complete three further legal degrees, a DEA in international law at the University of Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne (1989-1990); a DEA in European law at the University of Paris II, Panthéon-Assas (1990-1991) and a DESS in administrative law at the University of Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne(1990-1991). From 1991-1992, he left Europe to further his education, completing an LLM in international law at George Washington University, Washington DC. In 1996, he completed his certificat d’aptitude à la profession d’avocat, which enabled him to practice law in France at a professional level. After completing his academic studies, from 1993-1994 he worked for the International Development Law Organisation in Rome as a course assistant. From 1995-1997, he worked as a researcher attached to the registrar in public international law at the University of Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne. In 1997 he entered private practice, working as a competition lawyer with US firm Latham & Watkins. He was then recruited into the competition department at Bird & Bird in 2002. He left private practice in 2003 to join the ECJ as a référendaire in the cabinet of President Rodrigues Iglesias and then President Skouris before joining the cabinet of Judge Ján Klucka in 2005.

Schmidt, Claudia

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Ms Schmidt is a référendaire in the Latvian cabinet of Judge Egils Levits. She completed her doctorate in law in Bonn, her thesis was an analytical research paper on private international law and comparative company law. Prior to joining the ECJ, she worked in Geneva as an assistant to the professor of german private and comparative law and international private law. Ms Schmidt has gained institutional experience in three DGs in the Commission: Administrative Affairs, Audit and Anti-fraud; DG Enterprise and in the Legal Service.

Schneider, Anne

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Sever, Saša

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Marko Ilešeic – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Sikora, Alicja

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Poland
Biographical information:
Since June 2004, Ms Sikora has been a référendaire in the cabinet of the Polish Judge Jerzy Makarczyk. She holds a masters in law from the University of Jagiellonian in Krakow, Poland and received an honours’ distinction in the Luminarz national contest for the best masters diploma thesis in the area of European law. She also studied in Ardennes, France where she completed a DESS at the University of Reims. After finishing her studies, she worked as a research assistant at the Ministry for European Intergration in the cabinet of the under secretary of state, Mr J. Pietras in Warsaw. From 2002-2003, she was employed as a legal assistant for the council of state in Paris in the unit that is responsible for reports and studies for telecommunications and communications law. In 2003, she moved to Luxembourg where she joined the ECJ as a legal assistant. That same year, she re-located to the Commission to work as a case-handler in DG Competition in the state aid directorate.

Sladic, Jorg

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Slovenia
Biographical information:
Mr Sladic is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Verica Trstenjak in the CFI. In 1998, he graduated in law from the University of Maribor, Slovenia. In 1999, he moved to France to complete a legal diploma entitled ‘juristes européens’ at the University of François Rabelais in Tours and then impressively attended a German university, the University of Trier, to finalise his multi-jurisdictional legal knowledge. Before joining the court he worked in the private practice firm Sladic and Zemljak in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In 2002, he embarked on his institutional career working as a stagiaire first in the research and documentation services department in the ECJ and then in the cabinet of Judge Jörg Pirrung in the CFI. In 2004, he was recuited to work in the European Union’s central bank in Germany as a lawyer-linguist before moving to Luxembourg to work performing the same role but for the ECJ.
Selected publications:
Vpliv odlocb Sodišca ES na potek slovenskega civilnega postopka (L’influence des arrêts de la Cour de Justice des CE sur le déroulement de la procédure civile slovène); publication dans le recueil Evropsko civilno procesno pravo in Slovenija dve leti po vstopu v EU (Le droit de la procédure civile européenne et la Slovénie deux ans après l’adhésion), Nebra, Ljubljana, 2006; Vplivi Eura na poslovanje in trgovanje gospodarskih druzb (Les influences de l’introduction de l’Euro sur les mode de gestion de fonctionnement des sociétés commerciales), conférence donnée à l’occasion du 14e Colloque sur la problématique actuelle touchant le droit économique à Portoroz les 25 à 27 mai 2006 et publiée dans les actes de ce colloque 2005 Obvezno odvetniško zastopanje v procesnem pravu Sodišca ES – procesna predpostavka postulacijske sposobnosti? (Le ministère obligatoire d’un avocat dans la procédure devant la Cour de justice – la fin de non recevoir tirée de jus postulandi); Odvetnik. 7(2005), Nr. 8, p. 9-12. (avec coauteur Me Pavla Sladic-Zemljak); Pravocasnost vlaganja nicnostne tozbe po clenu 230 PES, pododstavek 5 (L’introduction du recours en annulation dans le délai de forclusion prévu par l’art. 230 paragraphe 5 TCE) ; Pravna praksa. L. 24/713 (2005), Nr. 41, p. ii-viii; Anmerkungen zum beschleunigten Verfahren im EG-Prozessrecht (Remarques sur la procédure accélérée dans le contentieux communautaire); Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, 16. Jahrg. (2005), Heft 23, p. 712-715; Vrocanje v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah (La notification et signification transfrontalière dans la matière civile); Podjetje in delo. XXXI (2005), 6-7, p. 1131-1150; Die Begründung der Rechtsakte des Sekundärrechts der EG in der Rechtsprechung des EuGH und des EuG (La motivation des actes juridiques du droit dérivé dans la jurisprudence de la CCJE et du TPI); Zeitschrift für Rechtsvergleichung, internationales Privatrecht und Europarecht. 46. Jahrg. (2005), 4, p. 123-134; Sodišce splošne pristojnosti (Le Tribunal dans le Traité constitutionnel); Pravna praksa. L. 24/682-683 (2005), 10-11, p. 43-48. 2004 Evropska zadruga in Evropsko gospodarsko interesno zdruzenje: zakaj pravne osebe na ravni prava Skupnosti.(La société coopérative européenne et le groupement d’intérêt économique européen: pourquoi les personnes morales au niveau européen); Podjetje in delo. XXX (2004), 6/7, p. 992-1004; Odlocitve sodišca Evropskih skupnosti in Sodišca prve stopnje s pojasnili (Les décisions de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes et du Tribunal de première instance avec commentaire), Nebra, Ljubljana, 2004, 884 p. (auteur du commentaire sur la Cour de justice); Kaj pomeni pridruzeno clanstvo in clanstvo Slovenije v EU za denacionalizacijske zahtevke? (Quelle est l’influence de l’adhésion et du statut de l’Etat membre de l’UE sur les demandes relatives à la restitution des biens confisqués?); Evropsko pravo in praksa. L. 2/1 (2004), p. 50-54, (avec coauteur Prof. Rajko Knez); Kaj pomeni pridruzeno clanstvo in clanstvo Slovenije v EU za denacionalizacijske zahtevke? III (Quelle est l’influence de l’adhésion et du statut de l’Etat membre de l’UE sur les demandes relatives à la restitution des biens confisqués? III); Evropsko pravo in praksa. L. 2/7 (2004), 3, p. 51-54, (avec coauteur Prof. Rajko Knez); Davek na dodano vrednost in obdavcenje oseb javnega prava (La TVA et l’mposition des personnes morales du droit public); Lex localis, 2(2004), Nr. 2, p. 129-134, (avec coauteur Prof. Rajko Knez) 2003 Slovenski sodnik in predlozitev pravnih vprašanj v odlocanje Sodišcu ES po 234. clenu Pogodbe o Evropski skupnosti (Le juge slovène et le renvoi des questions juridiques à la Cour de justice des CE en vertu de l’art. 234 du Traité instituant la Communauté européenne); Podjetje in delo. XXIX (2003), 6/7, p. 1052-1075.

Sobotta, Christoph

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Germany
Biographical information:
Mr Sobotta is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Juliane Kokott in the ECJ. From 1989-1994, he completed his legal studies both in Frankfurt am Main and in Keele, UK. In 2000, he obtained a PhD in law on the transparency of EU legislation at the University of Frankfurt. Before taking his PhD, he worked as a scientific assistant at the University of Frankfurt. From 1997-1999, in order for him to practice law, he completed his practical legal training which concluded in passing the second state bar examination. Once qualified, he was recruited by the ECJ in 2000 as a legal secretary in the chambers of advocate-general Siegbert Alber. From 2001-2003, he moved from Luxembourg to work in DG Environment at the Commission in Brussels as an administrator, before returning to Luxembourg.
Selected publications:
Die Rechtsprechung des EuGH zu Art. 6 der Habitatrichtlinie, Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 2006, 353; co-author with Juliane Kokott and Thomas Henze, Die Pflicht zur Vorlage an den Europäischen Gerichtshof und die Folgen ihrer Verletzung, Juristenzeitung 2006, 633 et seq.; Artikel 286 EG, in: Grabitz/Hilf (Hrsg.), Das Recht der Europäischen Union; Transparenz in den Rechtssetzungsverfahren der Europäischen Union – Stand und Perspektiven des Gemeinschaftsrechts unter besonderer Berücksichtung des Grundrechts auf Zugang zu Informationen, 2001.

Sortikos, Nikolaos

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Court of Justice, Judge Vassilios Skouris – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Speltdoorn, Olivier

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Belgium
Biographical information:
Mr Speltdoorn is a référendaire in the cabinet of President of Chamber, Judge John Donal Cook. He holds a law degree and a masters degree in European law from ULB, Brussels. As a Belgian national, Mr Speltdoorn speaks French, Dutch and German, but he also fluent in English. Since September 1997 he has continued working as a teaching assistant at the Institut d’Etudes Européennes, ULB, Brussels. After graduating, he worked as a competition lawyer with UK-based Denton Hall for six months. In 1990, he moved to Liedekerke, Wolter, Waelbroeck & Kirkpatrick where he worked for eight years. Since 1998, he has been working in the CFI in the cabinet of the President of the chambers.
Selected publications:
“Les règles de procédure”, Lamy Procédures communautaires, (2005) (updated on 1 November 2005); Contributor for Belgium to the Essential Merger Control Quarterly (30 contributions) (1995 – 2005); “Annulation (Recours en)”, Encyclopédie de droit communautaire Dalloz, with Michel Waelbroeck (February 2000); “Carence (Recours en)”, Encyclopédie de droit communautaire Dalloz, with Michel Waelbroeck (September 1999); “Exception d’illégalité”, Encyclopédie de droit communautaire Dalloz, with Michel Waelbroeck (September 1999); “Responsabilité (de la Communauté)”, Encyclopédie de droit communautaire Dalloz, with Michel Waelbroeck (May 1998); “Le nouveau formulaire A/B”, Cahiers du juriste, with Denis Waelbroeck (1995); Course on “State Aids, Public Undertakings and State Monopolies”, Yedi Tepe University, Istanbul (Turkey), 16-20 May 2005; Course on “Les juridictions communautaires”, University of Limoges (France), 8 April 2005, 31 March 2006, and 16 February 2007; Course on “The European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance: Practice and Procedure”, Yedi Tepe University (Istanbul), 12-15 July 2004; Conferences on “Litigation in the European Court of Justice” (Workshops), Academy of European Law, Trier (Germany), 21 September 2001, 20 September 2002, 26 September 2003, 1 October 2004, 7 October 2005, and 29 September 2006; Lectures on “Procedures before the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance”, Academy of European Law, Trier, 2 July 2002 and 24 June 2003; Course on “Les Aides d’État”, University of Limoges, 25-26 January 2002 Course on “Les différents types de recours portés devant le Tribunal de première instance des Communautés européennes”, University of Limoges, 23-24 March 2001.

Spitaleri, Fabio

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Antonio Tizzano – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Stamm, Bernard

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Stathopoulos, Athanassios
Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Endre Juhász – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Stec, Andrej

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Slovakia
Biographical information:
Mr Stec is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Daniel Šváby. From 1996 to 2001, he attended the law faculty of Univerzita Komenského in Bratislava, Slovakia where he completed his legal training. Throughout this period he was also part of the society for higher learning, which specialises in European law and IP and he was accepted to the TEMPUS joint program with nine other European universities which focused on European Integration and internationalism. Before completing his degree, in 2000 he completed a summer course on human rights at the Centre René Cassin in Strasbourg, France. He then moved to Paris where he did a postgraduate course entitled ‘juriste européean’ at the University of Paris XII. Before embarking on an institutional career, he worked as a private practice lawyer for four years in the Slovakian law firms Krivak & Co. (1999) and Peterka & Leuchterova (2001) and then at the UK firm Allen and Overy (2002-2003) in Bratislava. From December 2003 to April 2004, he decided to pursue an institutional legal career, working for the delegation of the European Commission in Bratislava as a legal adviser. From June 2004, he has been working for the CFI as a référendaire.

Streho, Imola

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Hungary
Biographical information:
Ms Streho is a référendaire in the cabinet of Estonian Judge Uno Lõhmus. She is a law graduate from the University of Paris II, Pathéon-Assas. Before joining the institutions, Ms Streho was an executive director of the Jean Monnet Centre for international and regional economic law and justice at the New York University school of law. Before working in the Estonian cabinet at the ECJ, she was a référendaire for the French advocate-general, Yves Bot.
Selected publications:
“Fundamental Principles vs. Fundamental Rights, comment on the ECJ decisions Schmidberger, C-112/00“(2003-2004) 1, and Omega, C-36/02“(2003-2004) 4, “ECJ judgment Bidar, C-209/03“(2005) 2, Revue des affaires européennes / Law & European Affairs; “Regional Organizations’ Judicial System Compared: Is the European Model Transposable and Should It Be?“(2004) 27 Review of Asian Pacific Studies

Szajkowski, Pawel

Attaché to the Registrar – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Szuts, Márton
Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Endre Juhász – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Teras, Liina

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Estonia
Biographical information:
Since May 2004, Ms Teras has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Uno Lõhmus in the ECJ. She has completed seven years of academic legal training. In 1999, she graduated with a BA in law from the University of Tartu, Estonia. Determined to follow an institutional path, she then attended the Estonian School of Diplomacy in 1999. From 1999-2002, she obtained a masters degree in international relations and European studies at the Audentes Mainor University in Estonia. During her masters, in 2000, she was awarded a three-month scholarship to the faculty of law at Leiden University, the Netherlands. Prior to joining the ECJ, in 1998 she completed a two-month stage in the Supreme Court of Estonia before being recruited by the government to work as a lawyer in the Estonian Ministry of Culture for two years (1998-2000). From 2000-2003, she was employed as the third secretary in the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2003, she moved to Brussels to work as a lawyer-linguist for one year at the ECJ before becoming a référendaire for Judge Uno Lõhmus.

Thiaville, Dominique

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Arjen Meij – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France

Thillier, Alexandre

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Since 2004, Mr Thillier has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Franklin Dehousse. He holds a PhD in EC law from the University of Rennes 1, in France. In 2003, he was admitted to the Paris bar after completing his studies at the Paris bar school. For six years, he worked as a private practice lawyer for the international French firm Gide Loyrette Nouel’s Brussels’ office (1998-2004) where he specialised in EU and international trade law. Having chosen an institutional legal career, he moved to Luxembourg to work as a legal secretary and has now gained three years experience working in the ECJ.
Selected publications:
“L’antidumping communautaire” (“EC Antidumping Law”) – Thesis for the PhD in Law – University of Rennes 1 (1194 p., to be published); “Politique Commerciale Commune” (“EU’s trade policy”) – Jurisclasseur Europe (Lexis Nexis, to be published in 2007); (collab.) “Le règlement des différends à l’OMC” (“WTO dispute settlement system”) (by E. Canal Forgues, Bruylant, Brussels, 2003, 161 p.); “WTO and Competition Rules”– Annual proceedings of the Fordham Corporate Law Institute 1999 (2000) p.43.

Tichadou, Evelyne

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Dr Tichadou is a référendaire in the chambers of the Austrian Judge Peter Jann. Dr Tichadou completed an LLM from Tulane University in New Orleans; a juris doctorate from the University of Paris I and a post-graduate diploma from the Hague academy of international law. Dr Tichadou’s prior professional experience has been in the academic sphere. She has lectured at the University of Nice, France; the Univeristy of Lausanne, Switzerland; and the University of Saarbrücken, Germany. In 1990-1997 she joined the institutions, first working in the chambers of the president of Court of First Instance. In 1997, she transferred over to the ECJ to work as a référendaire. She has contributed to several publications relating to judicial cooperation in civil matters.

Tomkin, Jonathan

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Endre Juhász – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Trapani, Michele

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Italy
Biographical information:
Mr Trapani is a référendaire in the cabinet of Cypriot Judge George Arestis. Although Mr Trapani is an Italian national, he completed his legal studies in Belgian. Graduating with a law degree in 1999 from the Catholic University of Louvain he then went on to complete a masters in European law from ULB in Brussels. Before becoming a référendaire he worked for three years as an administrator in the ECJ’s research and documentation services.

Vahdat, Christophe

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Maria Eugénia Martins Ribeiro – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Valasidis, Goulielmos

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Court of Justice, Judge Vassilios Skouris – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Van den Berghe, François

Référendaire in the cabinet Judge Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas y Fernández – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Van der Hauwaert, Christopher

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Christiaan W.A. Timmermans – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Van Hees, Bruno

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Aindrias Ó Caoimh – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Van Huffel, Michel

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Van Nuffel, Piet

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Koen Lenaerts – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Vanham, Éric

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Miro Prek – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Vanhamme, Jan

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: Belgium
Biographical information:
Mr Vanhamme is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Marko Ilešic in the ECJ. In 1991, he graduated with a law degree and in 2000 he completed a PhD at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In between these degrees, he went abroad to the United States to obtain an LLM at the University of California at Berkeley. Prior to joining the court, he worked as a teacher and researcher for three years at his alumni university in Leuven. From 1995-2004, he worked the EU courts first as a legal secretary in the Court of First Instance (1995-2002) and then as a lawyer-linguist in the ECJ (2002-2004).
Selected publications:
Volkenrechtelijke beginselen in het Europees recht, Groningen, Europa law Publishing, 2001, p.435; Gelijkheid van talen binnen de Europese Unie?, S.E.W., 2004, p. 158-162; Inroepbaarheid van verdragen en volkenrechtelijke beginselen voor de Europese rechter: stand van zaken, S.E.W., 2001, p. 247-256; The ‘Power of Appraisal’ (pouvoir d’appréciation) of the Commission of the European Communities vis-à-vis the Powers of Judicial Review of the Communities’ Court of Justice and Court of First Instance, Fordham International Law Journal, 1999, p. 885-901 (with V. Tiili); Procedural Rights of Private Parties in the Community Administrative Process, Common Market Law Review, 1997, p. 531-569 (with K. Lenaerts); Commentary on the Declaration of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms – Articles 1 to 16, in Bieber, R. and others, A catalogue of fundamental rights in the European Union, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1996, p. 177-262 (with K. Lenaerts); Case Law Section, Inaugural issue of the Columbia Journal of European Law, 1994-95, 107-142.

Vassilopoulos, Christos

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge George Arestis – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Veranneman, Katrien

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Belgium
Biographical information:
Ms Veranneman is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Ottó Czúcz in the CFI. She was legally educated in Belgium and the USA, completing a licentie in de rechten at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (1996), a masters in European legal studies at the College of Bruges (1997) and an LLM at the Northwestern University school of law in Chicago. Aside from her legal studies, she also completed a postgraduate course at the Kellogg school of management in Chicago where she received a certificate in business administration (2001). Before joining the court, she worked as a private practice lawyer for close to seven years. In September 1997, she joined De Bandt, van Hecke, Lagae in Brussels where she worked until May 2000. Moving to New York in 2001, she joined Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP where she worked for one year before returning to Brussels, where she re-joined De Bandt (now Linklaters De Bandt) in Brussels.
Selected publications:
“De voorstellen van de Europese Commissie tot hervorming van de Europese fusiecontrole” (with Mr. G. Van Gerven), Markt & Medededinging, July 2003 issue; “Bevoegdheidsverdeling in de nieuwe EG-Concentratieverordening: een overzicht en enkele bedenkingen”, Markt & Mededinging, August 2004 issue.

Verdure, Ellen

Reader of Judgments – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Biographical information:

Vieux, Maud

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Mr Vieux is a référendaire in the cabinet of advocate-general Yves Bot. He completed his legal studies at the University Panthéon-Assas and the University of Panthéon, Sorbonne both in Paris. He furthered his legal education by obtaining an LLM from the College of Europe in Bruges. He trained first as a private practice lawyer in US commercial firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton’s Paris office before moving to Clifford Chance’s Paris office. He has gained ample institutional experience working in renowned international organisations such as the World Health Organisation in Geneva; EUROPOL in the Hague and finally for the Council of EU in its liaison office to the United Nations in New York. He became a référendaire in 2005, working first in the cabinet of advocate-general Philippe Léger before transferring to his current position.

Vuitton, Raphaël

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: France
Biographical information:
Since 2004 Mr Vuitton has been a référendaire in the cabinet of Cypriot Judge Savvas S. Papasavvas in the CFI. Mr Vuitton completed his first DEA in European studies in Geneva and then went on to complete his second DEA in community law in Strasbourg. His final degree was in Luxembourg where he completed a DESS Contentieux Communautaire. Before joining the court, Mr Vuitton worked as a legal researcher in the Laboratoire de Droit Économique at the University of Luxembourg.
Selected publications:
Démarchage financier: le cadre juridique des communications non sollicitées issu de la directive 2002/65/CE, EUREDIA, 2003, n°3; La facture détaillée: quelques éclairages sur la protection accordée aux consommateurs de services de communications électroniques, Revue du Droit des Technologies de l’Information, 2004, n° 17 (avec C. Poullet); La remboursabilité de la monnaie électronique, Bulletin du Cercle François Laurent, 2004, n°3 (avec C. Poullet); L’environnement juridique de l’archivage et de la gestion électronique de documents, Bulletin luxembourgeois des questions de sécurité sociale, 2004, n°15; Le Tribunal de la fonction publique européenne: compétences et composition, Actualité juridique – Fonctions publiques, 2004, n°6; Le Tribunal de la fonction publique européenne: organisation, fonctionnement et procédure, Actualité juridique – Fonctions publiques, 2005, n°1; Droit du commerce électronique – Commentaires de la loi luxembourgeoise du 14/08/2000 relative au commerce électronique et aspects de droit comparé, Larcier, 2005 (ouvrage collectif). – Constitution et droits de l’Homme, coll. Les recueils de législation, Service central de Législation (Luxembourg), éditions en 2003, 2004 et 2005.

Vunder, Madis

Référendaire – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance
Country of origin: Estonia
Biographical information:
Mr Vunder is a référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Küllike Jürimäe in the CFI. He graduated with an LLM in public law and DEA from Poitiers University. Mr Vunder pursued an academic career before deciding join the CFI. He was an EU law lecturer and the director of academic affairs at the Institute of law in Tartu University for four years (1998-2002). He joined Judge Küllike Jürimäe cabinet and has been a référendaire since. Main Publications: Contribution in Estonian “Legal terminology used by ECJ”, Legal Language n° 5/2000; Contribution in Estonian “Legal possibilities to leave the EU”, Postimees, 10.12.2001

Watson, James Stewart

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of the Chamber, Judge Christiaan W.A. Timmermans – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Weier, Bernard

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Lars Bay Larsen – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Weitzel, Luc

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge José Narciso Da Cunha Rodrigues – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Zammit, Jacques René

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Anthony Borg Barthet – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Zankel, Thérèse

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Anthony Borg Barthet – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Zatschler, Carsten

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Konrad Schiemann – European Court of Justice – Court of Justice

Ziegler, Peter Kai

Référendaire in the cabinet of Judge Savvas S. Papasavvas – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance

Zivy, Fabien

Référendaire in the cabinet of the President of Chamber, Judge Hubert Legal – European Court of Justice – Court of First Instance